汪 劲 北京大学法学院教授 Dr. Wang Jin, Professor of Peking University Law School wangjin_law@pku

1. 第五届中国环境与发展国际合作委员会2013年年会，北京，11月13-15日第五届中国环境与发展国际合作委员会2013年年会，北京，11月13-15日 公众参与的价值目标与绿色发展The Value of Public Participation and Green Development——以环境利用关系为中心——Centering on Environmental Utilizing Relations 汪 劲 北京大学法学院教授 Dr. Wang Jin, Professor of Peking University Law School wangjin_law@pku.edu.cn

2. 目 录/ Contents • 前言 • 人类利用环境资源行为的分类 • 公众、政府与企业：环境利用关系中的地位 • 通过公众参与实现绿色发展的法律途径 • 结论 • Foreword • Classification of human environment and resource utilization behaviors • Public, governments and enterprises: status in environmental utilizing relations • Legal method to achieve green development through public participation • Conclusion

3. 前 言/Foreword • 绿色发展的本质：保护基本人权与维护社会进步 • 绿色发展的主体及其与环境资源保护的关系 • 1. 政府 • 作为宪法和法律授权国家所有的自然资源与环境管理，和国家环境与资源保护的主体 • 国家财产保护职能 • 国家自然资源与环境财产的保值、增值 • 监管开发利用环境与污染物排放 • 社会利益衡平职能 • 保护人民生命健康、财产安全不受污染破坏致害 • 经济、社会可持续发展 • The essence of green development: protecting fundamental human rights and safeguarding social development • Subjects of green development and their relations with environmental and resource protection • 1. Government • As the state’s environment and natural resource management and protection authority according to the Constitution and the laws, government should: • Protect state property; • Maintain and increase the value of the state’s natural resources and environmental assets; • Supervise environment utilization and pollutant emissions; • Balance multiple social interests; • Protect people’s life, health and property from pollution damages • Sustainably develop economic and society

4. 2. 企业 • 依法开发利用自然资源（环境要素利用）的主体 • 依法向环境排放污染物（环境容量利用）的主体 • 3. 公民、自然人/公众（以环境NGO组织为代表） • 环境要素和环境容量的原初利用者（本能的利用） • 天赋人权（Natural Right）的原始源论 • 自然界生物普遍固有的权利，并不限由法律或信仰来赋予 • 呼吸、饮水、饮食、风景 • 2. Enterprises • Legally exploit and utilize natural resource (utilizing environmental factors) • Legally discharge pollutants to the environment (utilizing environmental capacities) • 3. Citizens, Natural persons/Public (Represented by Environmental NGOs) • Original user of environmental factors and environmental capacities (instinctive utilization) • The original source theory in the Natural Right • Creatures in the nature have general inherent rights, which are not limited by laws or religions • For example: rights to breath, drink, eat, enjoy good scenery, and etc.

5. 人类利用环境资源行为的分类/Classification of human behavior on environment and resource utilization

6. 公众、政府与企业：环境利用关系中的地位/ Public, governments and enterprises: status in environmental utilizing relations • 政府与公众之间 • 民意代表选举与正当开发决策 • 提高公共福祉、维护环境品质 • 保障公民诉愿实现 • 公众与企业之间 • 环境与资源保护利益的分享者 • 此生彼长的利益竞争 • Relations between the government and the public • Elections by representatives of the people and legitimate development decisions • Improvement of public welfare and maintenance of environmental quality • Protection of citizens to achieve their appeals • Relations between the enterprises and the public • Sharing environmental and resource protection interests • Competitive relation with the shift in interests

7. 公有制下的政府与企业之间 • 赋权资源利用与衡平环境利益 • 特许；许可； • 公开信息、听取公众意见 • 公众与企业环境利用规则 • 监管 • 标准 • 市场 • 环境/资源产权、价值 • 交易 • Relations between the enterprises and the government under a public ownership system • Authorizing resource utilization and balancing environmental interests • Special licences and permissions • Open information and solicit public opinions • Utilization plans for the public and enterprises • Supervision • Environmental standards • Market • Property rights and value of environment/ resources • Transactions

8. 通过公众参与实现绿色发展的法律途径/ Legal Method to achieve green development through public participation • 1.必须确立公众参与环境决策的基本权能 • 知悉信息的权利 • 企业、政府环境信息公开义务 • 建言（谏言）的权利 • 正当法律程序保障一——开发决策机制中的咨询、调查、说明与听证等义务 • 建言被（得到）尊重的权利 • 正当法律程序保障二—— • 接受举报的查处义务 • 意见不采纳的说明义务 • 获得司法救济的权利 • 不服行政决定的复议权与诉讼权 • 环境公益诉讼的主体资格 • 1.Basic participation rights in environmental decisions must be established • Rights to access environmental information • Responsibility of enterprises and governments to disclose environmental information • Rights to make comments • Protect proper legal procedure—governments’ obligation of consultation, investigation, instructions, holding hearings and other obligations • Rights to get comments respected • Protect proper legal procedure—governments’ obligation of • Accepting and dealing with reports • Explaining why comments are not accepted • Rights to get legal remedy • Rights to apply for administrative reconsiderations and file lawsuits • Qualification to file environmental public interest lawsuits

9. 2.必须确立公众参与环境决策的法律程序 • 经济发展与环境资源保护利用的法律法规，应当明确规定公众如何参与开发与环境决策的途径、方法 • 3.扩大环境公益诉讼的主体范围 • 建议《环境保护法》修订草案再扩大环境公益诉讼的主体范围，从现在的全国性环保团体扩大到至少省一级环保团体，取消“信誉良好”条件的限制 • 2.Legal procedure to get public involved in environmental decision making • Laws and regulations on economic development and environmental and resource protection or utilization should clearly stipulate public’s access to participate in environmental decision making • 3. Expand qualification to file public interest litigation • Suggest that the Environmental Protection Law expand qualification to file public interest litigation • Enable provincial environmental organizations to file public interest litigations, and cancel the limit of “with good reputation”

10. 小结/ Conclusion

11. 完 谢谢大家，欢迎交流与讨论！ Thanks a lot and look forward to your comments！ wangjin_law@pku.edu.cn