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What’s this about LEARNING?

What’s this about LEARNING?. What’s this about LEARNING?. Learning & Conditioning- Generalization, Extinction, Discrimination & Spontaneous Recovery. Learning. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning Experience. Stimulus A

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What’s this about LEARNING?

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  1. What’s this aboutLEARNING? What’s this about LEARNING? Learning & Conditioning- Generalization, Extinction, Discrimination & Spontaneous Recovery

  2. Learning • Learning • relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

  3. Learning Experience Stimulus A (The word ball) Stimulus B (Sight of a ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) After Learning Stimulus A (The word ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Conditioning Procedure Neutral stimulus (Bell) Unconditioned response (Salivation) Unconditioned stimulus (Food) After Conditioning Conditioned stimulus (Bell) Conditioned response (Salivation) Learning vs Conditioning

  4. Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • 1849-1936 • Russian physician/ neurophysiologist • Nobel Prize in 1904 • studied digestive secretions

  5. Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response • Unconditioned Response(UCR) • unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

  6. Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response • Conditioned Response (CR) • learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

  7. NEUTRAL STIMULUS NO REACTION will elicit UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a NEUTRAL STIMULUS CONDITIONED RESPONSE CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

  8. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) No salivation During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) CS (tone) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation)

  9. UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients

  10. UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) Classical Conditioning Other examples? Odors? Memory?

  11. Classical Conditioning • Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

  12. Classical Conditioning • Acquisition • the initial stage in classical conditioning • the phase associating a ns with an ucs so that the ns comes to elicit a cr

  13. Classical Conditioning • Extinction • diminishing of a CR • in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS

  14. Acquisition (CS+UCS) Strength of CR Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Pause Classical Conditioning

  15. Classical Conditioning • Spontaneous Recovery • reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR • Generalization • tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses

  16. Classical Conditioning • Discrimination • in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

  17. Do Demo- Eye Blink…. • Stop here….. End of lesson one

  18. Behaviorism • John B. Watson • Baby Albert Experiment • Conditioned humans & emotional response

  19. Classical Conditioning

  20. Show Clip… • Watson's Baby Albert

  21. Operant Conditioning- Review • What is Operant Conditioning? • type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment • What is the Law of Effect? • Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

  22. Operant Conditioning • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect • developed behavioral technology

  23. Show clip- “Skinner Boxes” • Waldon Two- A utopian Community? • The lollipop experiment • www.twinoaks.org

  24. Operant Conditioning • Shaping • operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal • Hot/ Cold Game

  25. Principles of Reinforcement • Primary Reinforcer • innately reinforcing stimulus • i.e., satisfies a biological need • Conditioned ( secondary)Reinforcer • stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

  26. Experiment- Conditioning the Teacher

  27. How do Punishment & NR differ? • Punishment • aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows • NR- Precedes behavior and decreases frequency • EX?

  28. Cognition and Operant Conditioning • Cognitive Map • mental representation of the layout of one’s environment • Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it • Latent Learning • learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

  29. Cognition and Operant Conditioning • Intrinsic Motivation • desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective • Extrinsic Motivation • desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments • Survey…..

  30. Observational Learning • Observational Learning • learning by observing and imitating others ( modeling)

  31. Observational Learning • Alfred Bandura’s Experiments • Bobo doll • we look and we learn • Prosocial behavior

  32. Does TV Make children Violent? • It can magnify predisposition to violence in males. • Increase aggressive response in non-violent males • Almost no impact on females • More than two hours per day before age five increases rate of ADD. • Critique of Studies?

  33. Television and Observational Learning

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