1 / 53

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach. G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 11. Key Concepts. Human land use. Types and uses of US public lands. Forests and forest management. Implications of deforestation. Management of parks.

bell
Download Presentation

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14th Edition Chapter 11

  2. Key Concepts • Human land use • Types and uses of US public lands • Forests and forest management • Implications of deforestation • Management of parks • Establishment and management of nature preserves • Importance of ecological restoration

  3. Section 1

  4. Factors Increasing Biodiversity • Middle stage of succession • Moderate environmental disturbance • Small changes in environmental conditions • Physically diverse habitat • Evolution Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 195

  5. Factors Decreasing Biodiversity • Extreme environmental conditions • Large environmental disturbance • Intense environmental stress • Severe shortages of resources • Nonnative species introduction • Geographic isolation Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 195

  6. Human Activities and Biodiversity Fig. 11-3 p. 195

  7. Importance of Biodiversity • Intrinsic value • Instrumental value • Existence value • Aesthetic value • Bequest value

  8. Solutions for Protecting Biodiversity Fig. 11-5 p. 197

  9. Section 2

  10. Conservation Biology • Multidisciplinary science • Emergency response • Identify “hot spots” • Rapid Assessment Teams • Based on Leopold’s ethics

  11. Section 3

  12. Types of US Public Lands • Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands • Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges • Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

  13. US Public Lands Fig. 11-6 p. 198

  14. Managing US Public Land • Biodiversity and ecological function • No subsidies or tax breaks for use • Public should get fair compensation • Users held responsible for actions

  15. Section 4

  16. Types of Forests • Old-growth (frontier) forests • Second-growth forests • Tree farms/plantation

  17. Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests Refer to Fig. 11-7 p. 200 • Food webs and energy flow • Protect soils from erosion • Local and regional climate • Numerous habitats and niches • Air purification

  18. Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests Refer to Fig. 11-7 p. 200 • Fuelwood • Lumber • Paper • Livestock grazing • Mineral extraction and recreation

  19. Forest Management • Rotation cycle • Even-aged management • Uneven-aged management • Improved diversity • Sustainable production • Multiple-use

  20. Management Strategies: Rotation Cycles Fig. 11-8 p. 201

  21. Roads Lead to Forest Degradation • Increased erosion and runoff • Habitat fragmentation • Pathways for exotic species • Accessibility to humans Fig. 11-9 p. 201

  22. Harvesting Trees • Selective cutting • High-grading • Shelterwood cutting • Seed-tree cutting • Clear-cutting • Strip cutting Fig. 11-10e p. 202

  23. Sustainable Forestry • Longer rotations • Selective or strip cutting • Minimize fragmentation • Improved road building techniques • Certify sustainable grown (See Solutions, Fig. 11-13 p. 205)

  24. Section 5

  25. Insect and Pathogen Threats to U.S. Forests • Sudden oak death • White pine blister rust • Pine shoot beetle • Beech bark disease • Hemlock woolly adelgid See Fig. 11-14 p. 207

  26. Fire • Surface fires • Crown fires Fig. 11-15 p. 208

  27. Logging in U.S. National Forests • Provides local jobs • Provides only 3% of timber • Increases environmental damage • Hinders recreation income Fig. 11-16 p. 210

  28. Section 6

  29. Tropical Deforestation: Consequences • Rapid and increasing • Loss of biodiversity • Loss of resources (e.g., medicines) • Contributes to global warming

  30. Tropical Deforestation: Causes Fig. 11-18 p. 212

  31. Reducing Tropical Deforestation • Encourage protection of large tracts • Sustainable tropical agriculture • Debt-for-nature swaps • Reduce illegal cutting • Reducing poverty and population growth Refer to Fig. 11-19 p. 213

  32. Section 7

  33. Managing and Sustaining National Parks • Inadequate protection • Often too small to sustain biodiversity • Invasions by nonnative species • Too many human visitors • Traffic jams and air pollution • Better pay for park staff Also refer to Fig. 11-29 p. 215

  34. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves • Include moderate to large tracts of land • Involve government, private sector and citizens • Biosphere reserves • Adaptive ecosystem management • Protect most important areas (“hot spots”) • Wilderness areas

  35. Section 8

  36. Ecological Restoration • Restoration • Rehabilitation • Remediation See Individuals Matter p. 214 • Replacement • Creating artificial ecosystems

  37. Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles • Mimic nature • Recreate lost niches • Rely on pioneer species • Control nonnative species • Reconnect small patches

More Related