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This chapter explores exploratory data analysis techniques that emphasize visual representations of data to gain insights and diagnostics. It also covers cross-tabulation for examining relationships between categorical variables and its role in visualization and decision-making.
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Chapter 16 Exploring, Displaying, and Examining Data
Learning Objectives Understand . . . • That exploratory data analysis techniques provide insights and data diagnostics by emphasizing visual representations of the data. • How cross-tabulation is used to examine relationships involving categorical variables, serves as a framework for later statistical testing, and makes an efficient tool for data visualization and later decision-making.
Researcher Skill Improves Data Discovery DDW is a global player in research services. As this ad proclaims, you can “push data into a template and get the job done,” but you are unlikely to make discoveries using that process.
Exploratory Data Analysis Exploratory Confirmatory
Data Exploration, Examination, and Analysis in the Research Process
Value Label Value Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Frequency of Ad Recall
Stem-and-Leaf Display 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 455666788889 12466799 02235678 02268 24 018 3 1 06 3 36 3 6 8
Guidelines for Using Percentages Averaging percentages Use of too large percentages Using too small a base Percentage decreases can never exceed 100%
Exploratory Data Analysis This Booth Research Services ad suggests that the researcher’s role is to make sense of data displays. Great data exploration and analysis delivers insight from data.
Automatic interaction detection (AID) Boxplot Cell Confirmatory data analysis Contingency table Control variable Cross-tabulation Exploratory data analysis (EDA) Five-number summary Frequency table Histogram Interquartile range (IQR) Marginals Nonresistant statistics Outliers Pareto diagram Resistant statistics Stem-and-leaf display Key Terms
1-25 Working with Data Tables
Original Data Table Our grateful appreciation to eMarketer for the use of their table.