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Classical Era Review

Explore the major political, religious, and cultural influences of classical empires like Persia, Israel, India, and China. Learn about key dynasties, philosophies, and societal structures that shaped these ancient civilizations.

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Classical Era Review

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  1. Classical Era Review

  2. Early Empires- Persia and Israel Learning Goal 1 1. What were the major political influences of Persia? • empire stretched from eastern Europe to Pakistan and from southern Russia to Sudan (modern boundaries) • Unification of imperial power dividing territory into provinces and using of a strong military to maintain power • Roads were built for King’s messengers to communicate2. What were the major religious/philosophical influences of Persia?Zoroastrianism- (good and evil)-ideas may have spread to Hebrews and influenced early JudaismJewish People = Hebrews

  3. 3. What were the major cultural influences of Persia? R. O. A. D. S. 4. What River Valley Civilizations did Persia conquer? • Indus River Valley • Mesopotamia • Egypt

  4. 5. What were the major political influences of Israel? • Nomadic Hebrew tribes migrated from what is now central Iraq to eastern Mediterranean and established the Kingdom of Israel there • After years in exile in Egypt, Hebrew leaders brought followers to the ‘promised land” • Height of political power came during the reigns of King David and his son Solomon around 1000BC • Invasions by the Assyrians and later Babylonians ended the kingdom as a political entity • Area was politically controlled by Alexander the Great and by Romans in 63BC • 135 AD Jewish Diaspora- Roman rulers scattered rebellious Jews throughout the empire 6. What were the major cultural influences of Israel? • Hanakkah, festival of lights • Temple built in Jerusalem, destroyed by the Babylonians 7. What were the major religious/philosophical influences of Israel? • Belief that Hebrew people have a special covenant with God • Established idea of monotheism-THIS WAS DIFFERENT! • Emphasized following laws handed down by the prophets • Introduced Ten Commandments • Christianity grew from Jewish traditions

  5. 8. What are the origins of Judaism? • emerged among the Hebrews, an Eastern Mediterranean group, around 2000BC as the first major monotheistic faith • Present day Israel • Abraham made a covenant with God- Yahweh or Jehovah making the Hebrews the “chosen people” and be led by God to the “promised land” of Canaan 9. What are the central ideas of Judaism? • Worship of one God who has a unique relationship with the Jewish people • Honor and serve God by following a strict code of conduct based on Jewish laws contained in the Torah (first five books of the Old Testament) • Belief in an afterlife reached by humans with divine help

  6. Classical India and China Learning Goal 2 1. What are the major political influences of Classical China? • Dynasties- Zhou, Qin, Han • Continued strong centralized imperial rule and introduced civil service exams as entry tests for government jobs • Silk road trade flourished 2. What were the major religious/philosophical influences of Classical China? Confucianism, Buddhism • Legalism-Chinese philosophy that assumed human nature was evil and required threat of or actual harsh punishment and strict rules to prevent societal disorder

  7. 3. What were the major cultural influences of Classical China? N/A 4. What is the mandate of heaven? •  Cycle of Dynasty • Legitimized dynasty’s rule until the people thought that the dynasty lost Heaven’s favor • Mandate of Heaven gave the ruler the right to rule

  8. 5. What were the 3 Main Dynasties and what were their beliefs? Han Dynasty believed that only people who were educated in morality should rule. So the Han Dynasty created civil service exams

  9. 6. What were the major political influences of Classical India? •  Gupta Empire v. Mauryan Empire •  Which covered more land? 7. What were the major religious/philosophical influences of Classical India? • Growth of Hinduism and Buddhism in India provided means for social control • Conversion of Ashoka to Buddhism influenced his policies

  10. 8. What were the major cultural influences of Classical India? Social stratification intensified by the caste system Caste system-social structure- no mobility 9. What are the central ideas of Hinduism? polytheistic (to some extent), reincarnation; based on fulfilling the duty of your caste/role in society, no social mobility; goal: merge with Brahma

  11. 10. What are the origins of Buddhism? •  Hinduism, founded by Siddhartha Gautauma (Prince Sid G); Who is Siddhartha Gautauma? • Siddhartha Gautauma was trying to reform the Hindu religion and make it more equal. 11. What are the central ideas of Buddhism? • no belief in a god, reincarnation; equality; goal: achieve nirvana

  12. 12. What are the central ideas of Confucianism? • Chinese philosophy that sought to create social order and good government by organizing society into five relationships –inferior and superior members in each relationship • Ruler (good example)/Subject (loyal and obedient) • Father/Son • Husband/ Wife • Elder brother/younger brother • Elder Friend/younger friend

  13. Mediterranean Empires Learning Goal 3 1. What are the major political influences of Classical Greece? • Politically divided into city-states, the two most famous being Sparta and Athens • An unanticipated victory of Greeks over the Persians led to a unification of the Greeks • Animosity between city-states led to civil war (Peloponnesian War) and eventual decline in power of the Greek city-states • Democratic ideas based on Athenian experiment with limited democracy- 1st Direct Democracy 2. What were the major religious/philosophical influences of Classical Greece? • Polytheistic pantheon of gods and goddesses, personified nature and explained the human condition

  14. 3. What were the major cultural influences of Classical Greece? • Hellenistic culture that celebrated the human experience and human body • Stressed science, mathematics, astronomy (Galen and Archimedes) • Notable creation of architecture using columns and sculpture 4. What are the major political influences of Classical Rome? • 12 Tables • Equality before the law • Innocent before proven guilty • Right to trial by jury of peers • Influenced our legal system

  15. 5. What were the major religious/philosophical influences of Classical Rome? Christianity developed in the eastern edge of the empire originally as a Jewish sect • After years of persecution, Constantine put an end to persecution and Christianity was adopted as the official state religion in Rome 6. What were the major cultural influences of Classical Rome? • Latin language • Roman legal traditions- Twelve Tables, “innocent until proven guilty” right to challenge accuser in front of a judge

  16. 7. What are the origins of Christianity? • Jesus was born (Israel) to a Jewish family and as an adult became an itinerant teacher gathering a following of disciples • Eventually Jesus claimed to be the Messiah and “Son of God” • Jesus gained popularity with the poor and common people and threatened the power of the Jewish establishment • Jewish authorities persuaded Roman leaders to bring Jesus to justice, Jesus was tried for blasphemy and treason, found guilty and put to death by crucifixion

  17. 8. What are the central ideas of Christianity? • Jesus is divine “son of God” • Christian teachings are found in the Bible • After his death Jesus resurrected from the dead to reveal himself, A second coming of Jesus-Day of Judgment • Worship God, practice love and service to God and fellow human beings is expected • Forgiveness of sins and salvation are obtained through belief in death and resurrection of Christ

  18. Technological Advances in the Classical Era -Learning Goal 4 1. What advances did the Greeks make? •  Columns • use of geometry, and calculation of the earth’s circumference 2. What advances did the Romans make? • Idea that the earth revolved around the sun • aqueducts, roads, monumental building

  19. 3. What advances did the Indians make? • Work in geometry and algebra • Calculation of the circumference of the earth • Concept of zero, decimal system and number system used today 4. What advances did the Chinese make? • N/A 5. What advances did the Persians make? •  Roads • Postal System

  20. 6. What were the achievements of: • Archimedes • Established the value of pi (π) • Explained the workings of levers • Invented the screw pump • Eratosthenes • Calculated the circumference of the earth, created a star catalogue • Pythagoras • Responsible for proving that in a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the two right-angle sides will always be the same as the square of the hypotenuse (the long side). A2 + B2 = C2.

  21. The Fall of Rome and Han China Learning Goal 5 1. Why did Rome fall? • Plagues=fewer people farming & less money to pay taxes • Taxes increased • Western Empire weakened • internal problems • unable to enforce laws • No clear line of succession • Invaded by Huns & Visigoths • End forever 2. Why did the Han Empire fall? • corruption weakened government • noble families took over land • Population reduced by plagues • fewer people to pay taxes • Nomadic invaders • Revival- come back

  22. 3. Why did they both fall? • internal problems • lack of taxes • Plagues • Invasions

  23. Other Notes: • Similarities between Rome and Han- Patriarchal Society

  24. Review from Unit 1 Questions- 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 25

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