Panel A :Communities of Practice in Biodiversity Research Ecological and Ecosystem Studies

1. Access and Benefit Sharing is Ѵ Panel A :Communities of Practice in Biodiversity Research Ecological and Ecosystem Studies Erwin Beck, University of Bayreuth, Germany

2. Constituents of Well-being Freedom of choice & action Opportunity to be able to achieve what an individual values doing and being. • Security • Personal safety • Decure resource access • Security from deasters • Basic material for good life • Adequate livelihoods • Sufficient nutritous food • Shelter • .Access to goods • Health • Strenght • Feeling well • Access to clean water and air • Good social relations • Social cohesion • Mutual respect • Ability to help others Arrow‘s Colour Arrow‘s Width Actors: Universities Research Institutions Museums • Disciplines: • Life sciences (taxonomiy, vegetation analysis, ecophysiology, population studies, crop science) • Geosciences (Climatology, geology, soil science, hydrology, landscape history) • Social Sciences (landuse systems, social communities, livelihood, education) Intensity of linkages between ecosystem Services and human well-being Potential for mediation by socioeconomic factors Weak Low Medium Medium High Strong Ecological and Ecosystem Research Ecosystem Services • Supporting • Nutrient Cycling • Soil Formation • PrimaryProduction • ….. • Provisioning • Food • Fresh Water • Wood and Fiber • Fuel • ….. • Regulating • Climate Regulation • Flood Regulation • Disease Regulation • Water Purification • ….. • Cultural • Aesthetic • Spiritual • Educational • Recreational • ….. Life on Earth = Biodiversity Source: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

3. Non-commercial Ecosystem Studies: The supporting services: • 1. Observations & measurements • Aspects of functionality analysis in an ecosystem • Photosynthesis, biomass production and turnover • Litter decomposition and soil formation • Nutrient cycling (N, P, K, a.s.o.) • Regulation of water relations 24 20 16 12 8 6 Photosynthesis Pteridium Heliocarpus Setaria Alnus Maximum photosynthesis at ambient CO2 [µmol CO2 m-2  s-1] Rubus Cedrela Tabebuia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Position in a sucessional sequence • Inventory of organisms • Organismic interactions • Mechanisms of maintenance of the organismic diversity Organismic interactions Understanding the significance of biodiversity for ecosystem functions:Turnover of matter and energy in an ecosystem results mainly from activities and interactions of its organisms (functionality in an ecosystem)

4. Understanding the significance of biodiversity for ecosystem functions: • 2. Ecological Experiments • require special permits • must be planned cautiously, and • must be performed in agreement with the local scientists and people. Simulating ENSO drought effects on the primary forest in the SULAWESI throughfall displacement experimen (Indonesia) Investigating effects of local land-use practices (burning) on the biodiversity (Ecuador • 3. Models and simulations • using data from measurements and experiments • e.g. Influence of fire on the competitive growth of 2 selected plant species: • a pasture weed (Pteridium) • and the pasture grass

5. Access Questions to PIs upon application for research permit • Name of PI, affiliation • Local counterparts, affiliations • Title of the project • Summary • Research areas • Aims of the work • Expected results • Relevance of the project (expected use and potential value for the country) • Time schedule of the work (milestones) • Collaboration with other projects • Previous work • Materials and methods with special justifications of ecological experiments and environmental interferences potentially causing pollution • Collection of samples: which material? How many samples? • Export necessary (y/n); if yes: Justification • Labelling of research area necessary (y/n); if yes: how? • At which authority are duplicate samples deposited? • Available funds Research permit may be for more than 1 year, however annual reports must be submitted. In some developing countries are the fees for research permit very high..

6. Sharing benefits in ecological biodiversity research • Participatory gain of knowledge: • Identification and systematic grouping of new species • Establishment of collections in the host country and conservation of organisms • A better understanding of the ecology of the research area: Functional aspects of biodiversity. • Joint elaboration of management recommendations for a sustainable land use • Disposal of equipment & financing research facilities: • Laboratories and laboratory equipment, field observatories and botanical gardens in the host country. • Capacity building: Training of students and scientists in ecology and biology. • Introduction of new methodology • Establishment of, and access to a comprehensive data base • Joint publication of the research • Environmental education of the public • Employment of local people as workers and helpers

8. Session 3, Panel A :Communities of Practice in Biodiversity Research: Ecological and Ecosystem Studies (E. Beck) • Contents: • Ecosystem research contains inevitably biodiversity research • Ecosystem-Services, in particular Ecosystem Supporting Services are fields of basic, non-commercial research: Functionality of biodiversity in an ecosystem • Turnover of matter and energy in an ecosystem results mainly from activities & interactions of its organisms. • Fields of ecosystem research: 1. Inventories, observations and measurements • 2. Ecological field experiments • 3. Models and simulations • How to get permit for the research in foreign countries • Which benefits from ecological and ecosystem research arise for the host country.

9. Understanding the significance of biodiversity for ecosystem functions: 3. Simulations and Modelling using experimental datae.g. Influence of fire on the competition of 2 selected plant species: Bracken and a grass Meteorological Initialisation (MicMet 10 min) Mic.Meteorol. GrossPrim.Prod. Radiation (PAR, Solar) Air & Soil Temperature Irradiance Humidity Photosynthesis Wind Rainfall Dai et al. 2004 Soil Moisture Oleson et al. 2004 MicMet NetPrimaryProd. Respiration Soil Temperature Net C PFTs Bonan et al. 2003 Leaf Temperature Levis et al. 2004 Sitch et al. 2004 Levis et al. 2004 MicMet For day 1 --> n Soil Temperature LAI, FPC, Cleaf = 0; Croot→ C After day n C → Cleaf + Croot Pakeman et al. 1994 Physiological Initialisation Plant Functional Type-parameters LAI per grid cell FPC per grid cell Initialization: Data collection Daily update cycle of LAI & FPC Growth ofbracken & Setaria VegDyn Allocation Turnover andcompetition for light Mortality →ΔLAI; ΔFract. Projective Cover 10 min update cycle of C VegDyn Vegetation Dynamics Day 1 to n Day > n Day 1 to n Fire Day > n