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Ballistics and Zeroing

Ballistics and Zeroing. Ballistics. Definition: Everything that happens to the projectile from the time the primer is struck by the firing pin until the projectile comes to a complete stop. There are three ballistic phases: Internal External Terminal.

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Ballistics and Zeroing

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  1. Ballistics and Zeroing

  2. Ballistics Definition: Everything that happens to the projectile from the time the primer is struck by the firing pin until the projectile comes to a complete stop. There are three ballistic phases: Internal External Terminal

  3. Of the three phases, we will discuss one; External ballistics. Gravity and air resistance have a constant and continuous effect on a bullet passing through the air. This constant effect causes the flight (trajectory) of the bullet to be a definitive and uniform arc. A common cylindrical bullet has no loft capabilities, as does an airplane wing. The sole purpose of the spin that is imparted upon a bullet is to keep the projectile from tumbling end over end. A bullet fired from a true horizontal barrel begins to slow down and fall towards the earth immediately upon leaving the muzzle of the weapon.

  4. Two basic concepts that are common to most of us will help you to visualize how a bullet is sent through the air when leaving a rifle barrel. The flight of a football. A common children’s top.

  5. Bullet Trajectory A bullet flying through the air is acted upon primarily by two forces, which change the direction and velocity of its motion. These two forces are: Gravity -Causes the bullet to fall towards the earth Air Resistance -Causes the bullet to slow down -Causes the bullet to fly erratically and tumble

  6. Bullet Trajectory cont. We try and counter these forces on the bullet in three basic manners. • (1) Increase the angle of departure (elevating the muzzle) to counter the effects of gravity and allow the bullet to reach further distances. • (2) Impart spinand (3) high velocitieson the bullet to counter air resistance and allow the bullet to fly in an nose forward manner at far distances.

  7. Line of Sight Parts of a Trajectory Line of Sight: This is what the shooter sees behind the sights and can be illustrated by drawing an imaginary line from your eye through the rear and front sights out to infinity. This is how you aim.

  8. Line of Bore This is an imaginary line that is drawn from the chamber where the bullet lies through the barrel out to infinity. It is also the path a bullet would take if gravity and wind resistance weren’t a factor. It would in effect be a laser. Line of Bore

  9. Trajectory or Path of Bullet The path of flight that the bullet will take when it is fired from the rifle. The following is an example of what happens when a bullet leaves the bore of a rifle in which the barrel is horizontal to the ground and the line of sight is parallel to the line of bore. Path of Bullet

  10. 300m Path of Bullet Path of Bullet 300m What has to change to be able to engage this target? • Increasing the angle of departure will allow the bullet to impact the target at the given distance. • This causes us to lose sight of the target. • To be able to aim at the target, the sights must be adjusted.

  11. Parallel Sight and Bore relationship Lowering the front sight post Re-acquire proper SIGHT ALIGNMENT and you have elevated the line of departure.

  12. Parallel Sight and Bore relationship Raise the rear sight Re-acquire proper SIGHT ALIGNMENT, and you have elevated the line of departure.

  13. The diagram below shows us how the Army is able to zero at 25m and still be center of mass on a 300m target. Line of Bore Line of Sight 25 meters 150 meters 300 meters The distance the muzzle is raised may not be noticeable with the naked eye, but even at 25m, the muzzle is slightly elevated.

  14. 4” 3” 2” 1” Minute of Angle (MOA) • Unit of measure • 1 minute of angle= 1 inch per 100 yards • Sights and scopes move in Minutes of Angle • Wind is estimated in Minutes of Angle 1 moa 100 200 300 400

  15. Minute of Angle (MOA) worksheet 6”/ (6)00m=1 MOA 3 x (2)00= 6 inches 6”/4= 1.5 MOA 4 x (3)00= 12 inches 20”/ 5= 4 MOA 5 x 3= 15 inches

  16. Value of clicks in MOA for iron sights:

  17. Elevation adjustment? 300m Need to come down 12” 12”/3(00)m= 4= 4 MOA 1 click on front sight= 1 ¼ MOA 4 MOA= about 3 clicks on front sight IMPACT 40” • Windage adjustment? Need to come left 21” 21”/3(00)m= 7 MOA 1 click of windage= ½ MOA 7 MOA = 14 clicks of windage 19”

  18. Zeroing: What is the definition? The average answer is: “Adjusting the sights so that the bullets impact where we are aiming.” FM 3-22.9 states: The purpose of battlesight zeroing is to align the sights with the weapon’s barrel given standard issue ammunition. Both answers are correct.

  19. Zeroing continued • The Army has developed methods for engaging targets based on the following two scenarios: • Unknown distance=Battle Sight Zero (BSZ) • Known distance=Bullet Drop Compensating (BDC)

  20. Trajectory Line of Sight 32m 150m 300m 10inches • Battle Sight Zero • A Battle Sight Zero allows you to aim center mass on a target and achieve a hit from zero to 300m. A correctly zeroed rifle will impact within 10 inches of your point of aim.

  21. Battle Sight Zero • 350m = 10” below point of aim • 400m = 20 inches below point of aim Trajectory Line of Sight 300m 350m 400m 10inches

  22. Bullet Drop Compensating • The elevation wheel on the rear sight is known as a Bullet Drop Compensator. • The numbers on the wheel represent distances in meters. • How it works: • Bottom out the rear sight and click up to 8/3 or 6/3. The BDC is now set for 300 meters. • Clicking up to 4,5,6,7 or 8 adjusts the trajectory of the round to engage targets at the corresponding distance (i.e. 4=400m, 5=500m). • One full revolution up from 300 correlates to the number on the left side of 3. For a 6/3 BDC the elevation would be set at 600 meters. This is why it is essential that the elevation wheel is bottomed out and then clicked up to 6/3 or 8/3 before zeroing. • Elevation changes at 25 meters are made with the front sight post so that the Bullet Drop Compensator can be used to engage targets beyond 300 meters.

  23. Sight is bottomed out therefore the right number is used (3), which indicates 300 meters. Gap is noticeable, the sight is up one “revolution” from (3) so the left number is used (6), which now indicates 600 meters.

  24. Representation of M16 Bullet Path 150m 300m 350m 7”-10” 25 m ZEROING AT 25 METERS M16A2/A3 Up 1 click M16A4 Up 2 clicks

  25. M16 Rear Sights M16A4 M16A2/A3 The difference can be seen in the thread pitch between a rear sight on a fixed carrying handle and that of a detachable. This is why you have to come up only one click on the M16A2/A3 and two clicks on the M16A4. (Reference Army TM9-1005-319-10 Pg. 0011 00-7 #4) Difference in Thread Pitch

  26. Representation of M4 Bullet Path 150m 300m 350m 25m M4 Zeroing:The M4 and M16A4 share the same carrying handle, however the M4’s shorter barrel produces less muzzle velocity. The line of sight and path of the bullet cross at 25m AND at 300m.

  27. Pre-range departure/post weapons draw checks Small rear sight aperture is up and “windage” index lines are centered. BDC is bottomed out and on 300 meter setting Front sight post is not bent or damaged and the base of the sight post is flush with the front sight base.

  28. Which is CENTER MASS? Center Mass Including head Center Mass NOT Including the head

  29. Modified zeroing target

  30. Emphasize zeroing in the lower half of the 4 cm circle. This will ensure a higher probability of hits from 150-250 meters.

  31. If possible, 5 shot groups are recommended • Makes triangulation more accurate 3 Shot vs 5 Shot

  32. INTRODUCTION TO THE TA01NSN ACOGNSN 1240-01-412-6608

  33. CHARACTERISTICS of TA01NSN • 4x magnification. • 32mm objective lens. • Waterproof to depth of 66 feet. • Eye relief 1.5 inches. • Field of view at 100 yds. = 36.8 feet • Adjustments= 1/3 MOA per click (clicks/in @ 100 m.) = 3

  34. ZEROING the TA01NSN Two methods: • 100 meter zero (most accurate) • Use center cross hair • Point of aim/ point of impact • 25 meter combat zero • Use 300m reticle • Point of aim/ point of impact

  35. Reticle/silhouette relationship @ 100 meters 100m 200m 300m

  36. INTRODUCTION TO THE TA31F ACOG SCOPENSN 1240-01-514-8428

  37. CHARACTERISTICS OF TA31F • 4x magnification. • 32mm objective lens. • Waterproof to depth of 66 feet. • Eye relief 1.5 inches. • Field of view at 100 yds. = 36.8 feet • Adjustment= 1/3 MOA per click(3 clicks = 1 inch @ 100m)

  38. Aiming points for: 100m 200m 300m

  39. For rapid engagement of targets less than 300m use this hold

  40. ZEROING the TA31F Two methods: • 100 meter zero (most accurate) - Use point of red chevron - Point of aim/ point of impact • 25 meter combat zero - Use top of 300m post (underneath chevron) - Point of aim/ point of impact

  41. ZEROING the TA31F cont. 100 meter POA/POI 3 clicks = 1 MOA For both elevation and windage

  42. ZEROING the TA31F cont. 25 meter- POA/POI Use top of 300m post 12 clicks = 1” For both elevation and windage 9 clicks = 1” For both elevation and windage

  43. If red chevron is too bright- cover fiber optic with tape.

  44. What are your questions?

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