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Ontology HowNet

??. Ontology HowNet vs SUMO/WordNet/VerbNet. Ontology. ???Ontology Ontology?IT/NLP. ???Ontology. Ontology??? Ontology???. Ontology???. ????Ontology AI/KR??Ontology ????Ontology ??????Ontology ?????Ontology IT??Ontology. Ontology???????. ????? ????? ?????????. Ontology?IT/NLP. simi

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Ontology HowNet

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    1. Ontology ? HowNet ??? ?? dzd@keenage.com dongqiang@keenage.com www.keenage.com Research Centre of Computer & Language Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences ??? 2003.08

    2. ?? Ontology HowNet vs SUMO/WordNet/VerbNet

    3. Ontology ???Ontology Ontology?IT/NLP

    4. ???Ontology Ontology??? Ontology???

    5. Ontology??? ????Ontology AI/KR??Ontology ????Ontology ??????Ontology ?????Ontology IT??Ontology

    6. Ontology??????? ????? ????? ?????????

    7. Ontology?IT/NLP similar to a dictionary or glossary, but with greater detail and structure that enables computers to process its content. An ontology consists of a set of concepts, axioms, and relationships that describe a domain of interest. An upper ontology is limited to concepts that are meta, generic, abstract and philosophical … -- Standard Upper Ontology (SUO) Working Group ???????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????? --«??»

    8. ???Ontology Cyc: http:// www.cyc.com IFF: The IFF Foundation Ontology WordNet: http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu EuroWordNet: http: //www.hum.uva.nl/ewn/ HowNet: http://www.keenage.com SUMO: http://ontology.teknowledge.com EDR: http://www.iijnet.or.jp VerbNet: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/verbnet/ Prototype(sinica): http://ckip.iis.sinica.edu.tw/CKIP/ontology/

    9. HowNet vs SUMO/WordNet/VerbNet SUMO – Suggested Upper Merged Ontology Mapping WordNet to SUMO

    10. SUMO – Suggested Upper Merged Ontology SUMO Sources SUMO Subclass Hierarchy Tree

    11. SUMO Subclass Hierarchy Tree making constructing manufacture publication cooking searching pursuing investigating diagnostic process social interaction change of possession giving unilateral giving lending getting unilateral getting borrowing

    12. Motivation for Mapping How can a formal ontology be used effectively by those who lack extensive training in logic and mathematics? How can an ontology be used automatically by applications? How can we know when an ontology is complete?

    13. «??»???

    14. Basic Data – Sememes Sememes 2219 Entity 154 thing (physical, mental, fact) component (part, fitting) time space (direction, location) Event (relation, state?action) 818 Attribute 248 Value 892 Secondary feature 107

    15. Basic Data – Concept Definition NO.=020957 W_C=??? G_C=N E_C= W_E=college student G_E=N E_E= DEF={human|?:{study|??:agent={~},location={InstitutePlace|??:domain={education|??},modifier={HighRank|??},{study|??:location={~}},{teach|?:location={~}}}}}

    16. Basic Data – Taxonomies - {thing|??} {entity|??:{ExistAppear|??:existent={~}}} - {physical|??} {thing|??:HostOf={Appearance|??}, {perception|??:content={~}}} - {animate|??} {physical|??:HostOf={Age|??}, {alive|??:experiencer={~}},{die|?: experiencer={~}}, {metabolize|??: experiencer={~}}, {reproduce|??:agent={~},PatientProduct={~}}} - {AnimalHuman|??} {animate|??:HostOf={Sex|??}, {AlterLocation|?????:agent={~}},{StateMental|?? ??:experiencer={~}}} - {human|?} {AnimalHuman|??:HostOf={Name|??} {Wisdom|??}{Ability|??}, {think|??:agent={~}},{speak|?:agent={~}}}

    17. S-relation Trigger -- Browser

    18. D-relation Trigger -- Application Tools Relevant Concept Field Builder (????????) Cf. “seed list” Bonnie Dorr & Tiejun Zhao: “??”/“??” Sense Similarity Calculator (????????) “??”Vs“??”/“?” Chinese Chunk Extractor (???????)

    19. ????????? (1) Semantic Web ontology annotation thesaurus ???: Semantic Processing && Semantic Web Service (?????????????) Named Entity Recognition Tianfang Yao, Wei Ding, Gregor Erbach: CHINERS: A Chinese Named Entity Recognition System for the Sports Domain

    20. ????????? (2) Word Sense Disambiguation Chi-Yung Wang: Knowledge-based Sense Pruning using the HowNet: an Alternative to Word Sense Disambiguation Wong Ping Wai: A Maximum Entropy Approach to HowNet- Based Chinese Word sense Disambiguation Word Similarity Computing Liu Qun Li Su Jian: Word Similarity Computing Based on HowNet

    21. ????????? (3) Sense Annotation Dependency Relation Annotation Li MingQin, LI Juanzi : Building A Large Chinese Corpus Annotated with Semantic Dependency Cross-language Developing ?????????????????HowNet Big5+? ?????????(NDAP) http://ndap.org.tw/NewsLetter/content.html?subuid=559&uid=26

    22. Thank you

    23. ??????? ????????? ?mapping?linking?merging ?????? ????????????????

    24. ????????????? ???????? – ??????? ???????? – ????? ???????????“??” ??????????????WordNet ?????????SUMO??????? ???????????????? – ????

    25. Chinese WordNet or English Hownet? ?????,???????????????,??«??» (HowNet, http://www.keenage.com)??????????? 1995????????????/????????????? ???????????2002??????????????? ?,????????? «??»??????????;????????????? ?????????????????????????,?? ??????????????????,????????? ??????????,?????????????,??? ?????????,????????????,????? ????????«??»?,??????????,??? ???????????????????????????? ???????,???????????????,???? ????,????????,?????????,????, ?????????,???????????(inter-operability)????

    26. Records in WordNet / HowNet Record in WordNet 03592879 06 n 02 watch 0 ticker 1 012 @ 03506835 n 0000 ~ 02187181 n 0000 %p 02529205 n 0000 ~ 02570752 n 0000 %p 02659936 n 0000 ~ 02841320 n 0000 %p 03021820 n 0000 ~ 03104263 n 0000 ~ 03150171 n 0000 ~ 03410656 n 0000 %p 03593482 n 0000 ~ 03636122 n 0000 | a small portable timepiece Record in HowNet NO.=007738 W_C=? G_C=N E_C=?~,?~,?~,??~,??~,????~,??~??? W_E=watch G_E=N E_E= DEF={tool|??:{tell|??:content={time|??},instrument={~}}}

    27. Axiom in SUMO / HowNet (1) See SUMO_buy.doc Cf. HowNet Event Relation & Role shifting {buy|?} <----> {obtain|??} [consequence]; agent OF {buy|?}=possessor OF {obtain|??}; possession OF {buy|?}=possession OF {obtain|??}. {buy|?} (X) <----> {sell|?} (Y) [mutual implication]; agent OF {buy|?}=target OF {sell|?}; source OF {buy|?}=agent OF {sell|?}; possession OF {buy|?}=possession OF {sell|?}; cost OF {buy|?}=cost OF {sell|?}.

    28. Axiom in SUMO / HowNet (2) {buy|?} [entailment] <----> {choose|??}; agent OF {buy|?}=agent OF {choose|??}; possession OF {buy|?}=content OF {choose|??}; source OF {buy|?}=location OF {choose|??}. {buy|?} [entailment] <----> {pay|?}; agent OF {buy|?}=agent OF {pay|?}; cost OF {buy|?}=possession OF {pay|?}; source OF {buy|?}=taget OF {pay|?}.

    29. Thematic Roles in VerbNet / HowNet See VerbNet_buy.doc Thematic Roles Agent[+animate OR +organization] Asset[+currency] Beneficiary[+animate OR +organization] Source[+concrete] Theme[]   Cf. HowNet Event Role with Typical Actors ¦ + {buy|?} {take|?:agent={human|?}{group|??->}, possession={artifact|???->},source={human|?} {InstitutePlace|??},cost={money|??}, beneficiary={human|?}{group|??->}, domain={economy|??}}

    30. Components of HowNet Taxonomy(??????) Roles and Features(???????) Specifications of KDML(????????) Knowledge Database(???) Event Relations & Role Shifting (?????????) Maintenance Tools(??????) APIs (????)

    31. Nature of HowNet An online knowledge-base which reveals the relationship among concepts, and the relationship among attributes of concepts -- Dong Zhendong, "Knowledge Description: What, How and who?", Proceedings of International Symposium on Electronic Dictionary, Tokyo, 1988, p.18

    32. Theory of HowNet Knowledge is a system of relationships among concepts and among attributes of concepts Everything is constantly changing in a specific time and space, and converts from one state to another. The conversion embodies the change of its attributes

    33. Guidelines of Design Computer-oriented Relationship is the key; to reveal the relationship is the main objective of HowNet Based on sememes Use of KDML Defining concepts in a static & isolate way Relationship is activated in a dynamic way

    34. Concept Definitions in HowNet (1) ??:DEF={human|?:domain={medical|?}, HostOf={Occupation|??},{doctor| ??: agent={~}}} ??:DEF={human|?:domain={medical|?}, {SufferFrom|??:experiencer={~}}, {doctor|??:patient={~}}} ??: DEF={InstitutePlace|??:{doctor|??: location={~},content={disease|??}}, domain={medical|?}}

    35. Concept Definitions in HowNet (2) ??:DEF={document|??:{record|??: content={disease|??},LocationFin={~}}, domain={medical|?}} ??:DEF={Health|??: host={AnimalHuman|??}} ??:DEF={unhealthy|??} ¦ ¦ + {HealthValue|???} ¦ ¦ ¦ + {healthy|??} ¦ ¦ ¦ + {unhealthy|??}

    36. Concept Definitions in HowNet (3) ?:{disease|??} {phenomena|??: {doctor|??:content={~}},{SufferFrom|?? :content={~}},RelateTo={medicine|??} {Health|??}{HealthValue|???}, domain={medical|?}} ?: {medicine|??} {artifact|???:{doctor|?? :instrument={~}},RelateTo={disease|??}, domain={medical|?}{chemistry|??}}

    37. Identity of description in different language structures (1) W_C=? W_C=?? G_C=V G_C=N E_C= E_C= W_E=rob W_E=plane G_E=V G_E=N E_E= E_E= DEF={rob|?} DEF={aircraft|???}

    38. Identity of description in different language structures (2) W_C=?? G_C=V E_C= W_E=hijack a plane G_E=V E_E= DEF={rob|?:possession={aircraft|???}}

    39. Identity of description in different language structures (3) W_C=??? G_C=N E_C= W_E=hijacker G_E=N E_E= DEF={human|?:{rob|?:agent={~}, possession={aircraft|???}}}

    40. Identity of description in different language structures (4) W_C=????? G_C=V E_C= W_E=catch a hijacker G_E=V E_E= DEF={catch|??:patient={human|?: {rob|?:agent={~}, possession={wealth|??}}}}

    41. Identity of description in different language structures (1) W_C=????????? G_C=V E_C= W_E=catch a woman hijacker cleverly G_E=V E_E= DEF={catch|??:manner={clever|?}, patient={human|?:{rob|?:agent={~}, possession={wealth|??}}, modifier={female|?}}}

    42. Applications of HowNet 1. Semantic tagging 2. WSD,Sense Pruning 3. Sensitive information detection 4. Information filtering 5. Similarity of words 6. Semantic Web 7. Match of WordNet

    43. Future work Construction of resouces English HowNet Chinese message structure bank Increase of languages Developing more APIs and tools Administration Membership

    44. Ontology????? (1) a specification of a conceptualization the theory of objects and their ties similar to a dictionary or glossary, but with greater detail and structure that enables computers to process its content. An ontology consists of a set of concepts, axioms, and relationships that describe a domain of interest. An upper ontology is limited to concepts that are meta, generic, abstract and philosophical …

    45. Ontology????? (2) the study of what there is, an inventory of what exists …What we may call ontology is the attempt to say what entities exist. Metaphysics, by contrast, is the attempt to say, of those entities, what they are. the study of the categories of things that exist or may exist in some domain The word ontology comes from the Greek ontos for being and logos for word.

    46. Cost for French in EuroWordNet For the development of French language, here were 2 partners: Avignon (AVI) and Memodata (MEM). The following was requested :                                             AVI        MEM Personnel                             72000     85000 Equipment                             3000             0 Travel & assistance               5000         1500 Consumables & computing    3000           300 Overheads                          16600       17100 Total                                   99600    104400 Since Memodata was a private company, only50% of its request could be funded by the EC. So the total of the request was:                                            AVI        MEM Total                                   99600      52200 Notes: 1) validation is not included in this table. This has be done by Xerox and Bertin globallyfor several languages. 2) These amounts constitued a previsional budget corresponding to some 20 000 synsets.

    47. Demo of Tools (1) Relevant Concept Field (2) Similarity of Words (3) Chinese Chunk Extractor (4) Smart Word finder

    48. Overview of HowNet Components of HowNet Nature of HowNet Theory of HowNet Guidelines of Design Sememes and Relations

    49. ??????? HowNet Browser (??) Relevant concept field (??) – “?” Similarity computing (??) – ?????? (??“ontology”) Prof. Huang’s comment on HowNet (??) U32?:Taxonomy Event Relation & Role Shifting Taxonomy Typical Actors Papers (Applications about HowNet)

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