Chapter 5: Primates

1. Chapter 5: Primates

2. Primate Video

3. Primate Characteristics • After the video; what are primate Characteristics: • _________________ • _________________ • _________________

4. Characteristics of Primates: Hands & Feet • on hands/feet • Opposable thumb:_________ • Partially opposable ________ • _______ on all or some digits • Fingerprints: _____________ (not identifying)

5. Characteristics of Primates • Shortened snout • __________ • Primates have great vision. stereo vision : Spot in back of eye .

6. Vision • All primates rely heavily on vision • Color vision in . • Point to Ponder: Why would this be an adaptive trait? (hint: think environment)_______________________________________

7. Stereoscopic vision • Stereoscopic vision • Eyes in front of skull, overlapping fields of vision • Accurate 3-D vision • ________________________________________ • ?________________________________________

8. I. Limbs & Locomotion • Tendency towards _________________ • But, primates utilize a number of types of locomotion • Bipedal: _____________ • Brachiation: __________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________

9. Question to Ponder • Why are Human Feet different? _______________________________________

10. II. Diet & Teeth • – most primates are generalized feeders eating a wide variety of foods • Therefore, primates have a ______________________________

11. Four types of teeth: generalized for an omnivorous diet.

12. Diet & Teeth • Although some primates prefer some food items over others, most_______________ __________________________________. • Some do eat meat (chimps & baboons) • Some are leaf specialists (Colobine monkey)

13. III. Senses & Brain • ______________ • __________ reduced • Complex brain

15. IV. Maturation and Learning • As placental mammals, primates have relatively ________________________ • Also have _____ offspring, delayed maturation, ________________ than other mammals • Greater ____________ on _______________

16. Ultimate mom video

18. V. Behaviors • Tend to be ___________ • _____________________ in behavior • Tend to live in ____________ • In many primate social groups, __________________________ – unusual among mammals.

19. Tool use

20. SURVEY OF LIVING PRIMATES

21. Three types of primates • _________ (pre-monkeys) • ________ (Old World and New World) • _______

22. Geographical Distribution

24. Two Suborders • _____________ • Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers • ________________ • Monkeys, Apes, Humans

25. Lemur and Loris • ____________________ • Greater reliance on _________ (long snouts) • Mark territory with ________ • ______________________________ • ______________ & maturation

26. Lemurs • _______________ • Many ________ species (diversified in absence of competing primates) • Became _______ in other areas

27. Lemurs : Over 100 species • Range in size from 5”, 2 oz. to +2’, 22 lbs • ________ lemurs are ________, omnivorous • _________ lemurs are _________, insectivores • Many forms are _______ • Live in ______________ ____________________

29. Lorises • Similar in appearance to __________ • ______________________ (Sri Lanka, India, SE Asia, Africa) • Survived by adopting _________________ • Competition avoidance with monkeys

30. Lorises • Slow, climbing form of quadrupedalism • ______________ active vertical _________ and leapers • Almost _______________ _____________________ • Supplemented with ____ ______________________

31. Tarsiers • ______________ • SE Asia • Mated pair • Diet: ______________ vertebrates they catch by leaping from branches

32. Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, H.s) • Generally ___________ body • Larger brains in absolute and relative size • Increased reliance on _________ • Fully forward placed eyes; greater degree of color vision • less specialized ____________ • longer gestation; _____________; increased parental care • More ___________________

33. Monkeys • ~ ________ of all primates are monkeys • Two types: • ___________ • ___________

34. New World Monkeys • Almost exclusively _________ • New World monkeys are the only monkeys with ________ • _______________ • __________ • Two Groups: • Callitrichidae • Cebidae

35. Callitrichids: Marmosets and Tamarins • Tamarins

36. Tamarins: Endangered

37. ___________ and Tamarins • Most _______ monkeys • Retain _____ instead of nails • _______ rather than single births • Family groups • Mated pair • 2 males & 1 female • Males very much involved in infant care

38. Cebids: New World Monkeys • Larger than callitrichids • _____________ • Diet varies with combo of ________________ • Flat noses

39. Cebids: New World Monkeys • Some examples are__________________ • __________________________________

40. ____________________: Cercopithecines and Colobines

41. Cercopithecines: Baboons and Macaques • ______________ than Colobines (eat leaves) • More _____________ • Cheek pouches to store food while foraging • Most found in ___________ • Except the Japanese macaques

42. Colobines • ____________ • _________ monkey exclusive to Africa • _________ found in Asia • _________ in Borneo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFzVdfozISo&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtctipglPhA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

43. Hominoids (apes & humans) • Super-family includes: • Less apes: _____________________________ • Great apes:_____________________________ • Humans (family Hominidae)

44. Hominoids: Our human ancestors

45. Gibbons & Siamangs • Tropical SE_______ • Extremely _________ ________________ • ________ fingers • ___________ thumbs • Powerful shoulder muscles

46. Gibbons & Siamangs • Monogamous pairs • Lack of ___________ __________________ __________________ • Males share equally in child care • ____________ are very territorial

47. Orangutans • __________________ • Almost completely ________ • ______________ animals • Mainly ______________ • Very large • (males = _______, females = _________) • http://animal.discovery.com/videos/orangutan-island-orangutans-walking-upright.html http://animal.discovery.com/tv/orangutan-island/orangutan-island.html

48. Gorillas • __________ of living primate • Knuckle walkers • Exclusively _____________ • Marked ________________ • Males = ________, females ________. • __________---__: Silverback male & harem2 • 2 species (____________________ • _____________________) • Mountain gorillas : 620 left in the wild and none in zoos.

49. Chimps • Equatorial Africa • 2 species ( 5 groups ) • Also_________________ • Large social groups with no single, dominant male • ________________, but not as pronounced as gorillas and organutans. • ______________ (even will kill for meat)

50. Bonobos • _______________are another species of chimps • More arboreal, more_____________ • Humans and chimps can have ____% similar _______ depending on which nucleotides are counted and which are excluded: That’s still big, 5 million base pair difference!!!!!