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The Golden Horde

The Golden Horde. Matt Below Geog 308 Prof. Zoltan Grossman 4-23-04. Who Where the Mongols?. Tatar people Were once nomads Lived in area of Northern China, part of what is now Mongolia Made contact with Marco Polo. members.tripod.com/.../ costumes/costume.html. Who Where the Mongols?.

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The Golden Horde

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  1. The Golden Horde Matt Below Geog 308 Prof. Zoltan Grossman 4-23-04

  2. Who Where the Mongols? • Tatar people • Were once nomads • Lived in area of Northern China, part of what is now Mongolia • Made contact with Marco Polo members.tripod.com/.../ costumes/costume.html

  3. Who Where the Mongols? • One of the most feared groups in history • Highly advanced culture • Traveled mostly during winter months • Ambitious conquerors www.alphalink.com.au/.../ EarlyMedieval.html

  4. The Golden Horde • Dubbed “Golden Horde” because of bright military tents- from fires inside • Led and ruled by Khans • Khan- supreme ruler (Turkish for Chief) • Khans always chosen from “Golden Family”

  5. Mongolian Yurts

  6. Mongolian Yurts • Advantages of Yurts: • Easily set up • Easily taken down • Easily transported • Light-weight

  7. Beginning of the Golden Horde • Mongol leader Temujin wills himself supreme ruler • Assumes title of Genghis Khan • Established the “Golden Family” • Blue Horde and White Horde unite to form the Golden Horde www.bookpalace.com/ UKWI/index_2.htm

  8. Genghis Khan • 1206-1227 • Feared throughout Asia and Europe • Began first conquests of China • Took capital of Peking (now Beijing) • Seized control of entire Chinese empire • Stretched from Volga River to the Pacific Ocean www.carpenoctem.tv/ military/khan.html

  9. Extent of Golden Horde Territories http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/mongol1.html

  10. Batu Khan • 1227-1256 • Grandson of Genghis • Leader of Blue Horde • Second khan of the Golden Horde • Emphasized boundary expansion • Took Moscow, Kiev, Hungary, Poland, parts of Germany • Longest ruling khan in history of the Golden Horde

  11. Orda Khan • 1226-1280 • Leader of the White Horde • Brother of Batu • Along with brother, formed Golden Horde

  12. Timur Khan • Last ruler of the Golden Horde • Broke into 3 separate Tatar tribes • 3 khanates • Astrakhan, Kazan, and the Crimea • Partly due to Central Russia becoming much more powerful • Assimilated into Islamic Turkic rule, rather than Russian Christian • Golden Horde fades into history

  13. Conquests of the Golden Horde http://www.friesian.com/mongol.htm

  14. The Golden Horde • Highly advanced military • Very skilled at siege-craft • Contracted Middle Eastern and Chinese engineers to build siege devices • Catapults • Battering rams www.allempires.com/empires/ mongol/mongol1.htm

  15. Some Siege Techniques • Begin a siege on a fortified city, then fall back • Enemies would believe Mongols were retreating • Enemy opens gates in pursuit of Mongol soldiers • Mongols ambush opponents, siege city ron.heavengames.com/.../ mongol/mongol.shtml

  16. Siege Techniques • If conventional means did not work • Mongols broke dikes and levees of nearby rivers and lakes • Created floods • Flood either destroyed walls of the city or forced the enemy to surrender www.allempires.com/empires/ mongol/mongol1.htm

  17. Battlefield Warfare • Skilled horsemen • Had small, stout ponies • Treated them with extreme care • Cavalry moved on horseback with astonishing speed • Rode standing up and used stirrups • Allowed them to fire arrows in any direction www.allempires.com/empires/ mongol/mongol1.htm

  18. Extent of Golden Horde Territories http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/mongol1.html

  19. Communication by Mongols • Mongols on horseback relay messages • Called “orto” • Similar to Pony Express http://www.apolyton.net/ron/factsheets/images/nations/mongol.gif

  20. The Golden Horde • Spoke Mongol, Arabic, Tatar languages • State religion was Islam, but allowed for religious freedom throughout entire empire • Derived postal systems and censuses • Allowed free-trade throughout the entire empire (even conquered peoples) • Vast contacts across Europe and Asia • Golden Horde greatly pushed their imperial power, but not their ethnicity or religious beliefs

  21. Mongol Artwork • Many pieces considered ancient Chinese were either influenced by or made by Mongols • Absorbed Chinese, Indian, Middle Eastern art styles after conquering the people • Mongol soldiers carved elaborate designs on saddles, bows and arrows • www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/ 03/hm3_5_13d.html http://www.weatherburyfarm.com/nigel_tudor.htm

  22. Golden Horde Trade • Free trade allowed throughout the empire • Controlled “Silk Road” • Trade route • 1000’s of miles long • Linked Russia, Mongolia, China, and India • http://www.tourcn.com/images/silk-road-map-1-s.gif

  23. The Golden Horde • Feared by nearly all people familiar with them • Portrayed as ruthless cannibals • European artwork showed Mongols as unhuman, beastly www.allempires.com/empires/ mongol/mongol1.htm

  24. The Golden Horde • Actually quite opposite • Then, the Mongols were more tolerant of different races and religions than many nations are today • Treated all territories equally as part of empire • Did not assimilate conquered peoples into the Mongol culture

  25. The Golden Horde Vassal Policy • Vassal- territory of conquered people under Mongol rule • After conquering, left diplomats and representative behind to control people • Only attacked vassals if they rebelled • If the Vassals rebelled, Mongols armies would destroy their cities and everyone/everything in it • The Golden Horde rulers would have everyone killed before they would discriminate against them

  26. References • http://www.friesian.com/mongol.htm- The Mongol Khans • http://www.pcug.org.au/~ronwells/450-9.htm Ancient Ancestors • http://www.allempires.com/empires/mongol/mongol1.htm All Empires • www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/ 03/hm3_5_13d.html The State Hermitage • www.bookpalace.com/ UKWI/index_2.htm Book Place • http://www.bartleby.com/65/ba/BatuKhan.html Bartelby.com • http://www.friesan.com/mongol.htm#golden Friesan • http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/21.htm Country Studies • kaikhan.tripod.com/ GoldenHistory.htm Tripod

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