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TR AS A PROGRESSIVE.

AMERICA IN 1901. POPULATION 0F 76 MILLIONONE OUT OF 7 WERE FOREIGN BORNBETWEEN 1900

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TR AS A PROGRESSIVE.

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    1. TR AS A PROGRESSIVE. 1901 TO 1909

    3. THE PROGRESSIVE REFORM MOVEMENT BEGINS TARGETS: MONOPOLIES, GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION, SOCIAL INJUSTICE, CONSUMER PROTECTION, CHILD LABOR, SLUM CONDITIONS, AND MORE.

    4. PROGRESSIVE ASSUMPTIONS: INDIVIDUALS ALONE ARE OVERWHELMED BY FORCES THEY CAN NOT CONTROL “THE PEOPLE” WORKING THROUGH GOVERNMENT CAN CORRECT INJUSTICE. PROGRESS IS POSSIBLE.

    5. PROGRESSIVE WRITERS HENRY LLOYD DEMAREST: WEALTH AGAINST COMMONWEALTH THORSTEIN VEBLEN: THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS JACOB RIIS: HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES

    6. MORE… THEODORE DREISER:AN AMERICAN TRAGEDY WRITERS ATTACK “BLOODY CAPITALISM JOHN SPARGO: THE BITTER CRY OF CHILDREN MANY CALL FOR SOCIALISM

    7. TR First Modern President “BULLY PULPIT” REFORM 1ST TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS

    8. TR THE FIRST MODERN PRESIDENT “I CAN DO ALL IT SAYS I CAN DO IN THE CONSTITUTION, AND ANYTHING IT DOESN’T BAR ME FROM DOING.” “STEWARDSHIP THEORY: PRESIDENT SHOULD PURSUE THE INTERESTS OF “THE PEOPLE.”

    9. TR’S SQUARE DEAL CONTROL CORPORATIONS CONSUMER PROTECTION CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

    10. TR A “CONSERVATIVE REFORMER.” “NEVER TRY THE IMPOSSIBLE.” NEVER TOOK ON THE TARIFF ISSUE. ATTACKED ONLY SOME TRUSTS, NOT ALL TRUSTS. HE CHOSE HIS BATTLES CAREFULLY.

    11. TR & THE COAL STRIKE JOHN MITCHELL LEADS STRIKE BY UNITED MINE WORKERS. MINE OWNERS REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE THE UNION OR NEGOTIATE. THEY EXPECT TR TO SEND TROOPS HE REFUSES. TR MEDIATES THE STRIKE, “JAW BONES” THE OWNERS. THREATENS TO SEIZE THE MINES.

    12. TR AS TRUST BUSTER FIRST PRESIDENT TO USE SHERMAN ACT AGAINST A MONOPOLY. FILE SUIT AGAINST NORTHERN SECURITIES COMPANY 1902 SUPREME COURT IN 5 TO 4 RULES IN FAVOR OF THE GOVERNMENT.

    13. TR: GOOD AND BAD TRUSTS IF A TRUST EXPLOITS ITS POWER IT IS BAD AND SHOULD BE BROKEN UP. IF A TRUST IS NOT EXPLOITIVE LEAVE IT ALONE. SUPREME COURT LATER CALLS THIS THE “RULE OF REASON.” US STEEL IS AN EXAMPLE OF A GOOD TRUST.

    14. TR AND CONSERVATION FIRST PRESIDENT TO SET ASIDE LAND. NEWLANDS ACT OF 1902: FEDERAL IRRIGATION PROJECTS NEWLANDS RECLAMATION ACT OF 1902 MAKES CONSERVATION POPULAR APPOINTS GIFFORD PINCHOT CHIEF FORESTER.

    15. MORE… CALLS GOVERNORS CONFERENCE ON CONSERVATION 1908 TR BELIEVED IN RATIONAL USE OF RESOURCES.

    16. TR AND CONSUMER PROTECTION TR AND THE JUNGLE PASSES PURE FOOD & DRUG ACT 1906 MEAT INSPECTION ACT 1906

    18. TAFT TO WILSON 1908 to 1912

    19. Political Activists in Progressive Era Jane Addams (1860-1935) ("St. Jane") Hull House

    20. Women & Child Labor Reform Florence Kelley National Consumers League Muller v. Oregon, 1906      Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire in 1911 killed 146 women workers, mostly girls

    21. Panic of 1907 Wall Street suffered a short but brutal panic in 1907 Causes: speculation and mismanagement in Wall Street banks and trust companies as well as overextension of credit caused the panic. Business leaders assailed Roosevelt for causing the panic due to his anti-business tactics and called the financial setback the "Roosevelt Pani

    22. Election of 1908 Taft d. Bryan 321-162 Style Taft lacked the fire or guts that possessed TR. Taft became an ally of the old guard Republicans by default. Cabinet did not contain one member of TR’s reformist wing.

    23. Taft as a Trustbuster Brought 90 suits against the trusts during his four years in office; 2X that of TR 1911, United States v. American Tobacco Company

    24. Progressive Legislation under Taft Bureau of Mines established to control mineral resources -- Rescued millions of acres of western coal lands from exploitation Mann-Elkins Act (1910) – Telegraph, telephone, & cable corporations put under ICC jurisdiction Postal Savings Bank System (1910) – Post Office Department was authorized to receive savings deposits from individuals and pay interest of 2% per year on such deposits. -- This had been a major Populist idea.

    25. TAFT TAKES ON THE TARIFF ISSUE. CALLS SPECIAL SESSION OF CONGRESS House passed moderately reductive bill (with inheritance tax provision) but senatorial reactionaries tacked on hundreds of upward tariff revisions (tariff avg abut 37%) CALLS FOR TARIFF REDUCTION Taft’s campaign had pledge to deal with tariff issue

    26. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF INCREASE RATES ON 500 GOODS TAFT’S DILEMMA TO VETO OR NOT TO VETO TAFT SIGNS THE BILL CALLS IT THE BEST BILL THE REPUBLICANS EVER PASSED. Claimed bill "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed. Progressive wing of Republican party, especially in Midwest, outraged. Taft vetoed subsequent tariff bills passed by "insurgent Republicans" and Democrats.

    27. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF BEGINS A SPLIT IN THE PARTY. CONSERVATIVE FAVOR IT PROGRESSIVE OPPOSE IT.

    28. TAFT AND SPEAKER JOE CANNON CANNON IS LIKE CZAR REED. PROGRESSIVES CHALLENGE CANNON WITH GEORGE NORRIS PROGRESSIVES EXPECT TAFT’S SUPPORT. TAFT BACKS JOE CANNON. Split in GOP complete when Taft deserted progressives in their attack on leading Old Guard Speaker of the House, "Uncle Joe" Cannon.

    29. PROGRESSIVES FEEL BETRAYED. THE SPLIT IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY GROWS. PROGRESSIVES WONDER WHY T.R. CHOSE TAFT

    30. TAFT & CONSERVATION TAFT PLACES MORE LAND IN RESERVE EXPANDS THE NATIONAL PARKS HAS A BETTER RECORD THAN T.R. BUT GETS LITTLE CREDIT BECAUSE HE DOES IT QUIETLY

    31. BALLINGER / PINCHOT CONTROVERSY 1910 BALLINGER SELLS FEDERAL LAND TO PRIVATE INTERESTS. PINCHOT DENOUNCES THE SALE. TAFT SIDES WITH BALLINGER FIRES PINCHOT. PROGRESSIVES ARE OUTRAGED.

    32. TAFT’S PROGRESSIVE RECORD IS BETTER THAN T.R.’S 90 ANTI-TRUST ACTIONS BREAKS UP STANDARD OIL BREAKS UP AMERICAN TOBACCO PASSES MANN-ELKINS ACT 1910 STRENGTHENS ICC

    33. MORE… ESTABLISHES CHILDREN BUREAU IMPOSES SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR MINES & RAILROADS 8 HOUR DAY FOR FEDERAL WORKERS EXPANDS CIVIL SERVICE.

    34. TAFT’S WEAKNESS HE WAS A POOR PUBLIC RELATIONS MAN. LACKED TEDDY’S FLAIR. OVERALL TAFT HAS A BETTER PROGRESSIVE RECORD THAN T.R.

    35. T.R. RETURNS FROM AFRICA 1910 CAMPAIGNS FOR PROGRESSIVE CANDIDATES OSAWATOMIE SPEECH AUG. 1910 OUTLINE S “NEW NATIONALISM” TIGHTER GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF BUSINESS

    36. MORE OF NEW NATIONALISM SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS LIMIT THE SUPREME COURT’S POWER TO NULLIFY REGULATORY LAWS MAKE THE GOVERNMENT THE PROTECTOR OF WORKERS AND CONSUMERS

    37. ELECTION OF 1912 T.R. DENOUNCES TAFT PROGRESSIVE REBELLION SPLITS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY BOB LAFOLLETTE CHALLENGES TAFT FOR NOMINATION LAFOLLETTE BECOMES ILL; T.R. TAKES HIS PLACE.

    38. TAFT CONTROLS THE CONVENTION WINS THE NOMINATION TR AND PROGRESSIVES WALK OUT. AUGUST 1912 FORM THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY NOMINATE TR “BULLMOOSE PARTY” Old Republican guard now took control of Republican party with progressives gone

    39. DEMOCRATS NOMINATE WILSON WILSON OFFERS “THE NEW FREEDOM” A PROGRESSIVE REFORM PROGRAM TR OFFERS THE NEW NATIONALISM THE SOCIALIST PARTY OFFERS EUGENE V. DEBS

    40. Dr. Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) nominated by Democrats Platform: antitrust legislation, monetary changes, and tariff reductions. Wilson’s "New Freedom" -- Favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and free functioning of unregulated and un-monopolized markets; states’ rights          

    41. Progressive-Republican party (Bull Moose Party) "New Nationalism" Herbert Croly: The Promise of American Life(1910): Campaigned for women’s suffrage, graduated income tax, lower tariffs, limits on campaign spending, currency reform and broad program of social welfare including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance, abolition of child labor and workers compensation.

    42. Socialist party’s Eugene V. Debs polled nearly 1 million, votes (6%); 2X 1908 figures Height of American socialist movement. Americans believed Socialists as a last alternative to the corrupt 2-party system before revolution.           

    43. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), a radical diverse group of militant unionists and socialists who advocated strikes and sabotage over politics. William Haywood of the Western Federation of Miners and Daniel DeLeon.                

    44. Why did Progressive-Republican party fail? Fatally centered around one leader: TR. Elected few candidates to state & local offices; no patronage to give followers Yet, 3rd party impact spurred Wilsonian Democrats to enact their ideas.

    45. WILSON WINS Wilson d. Roosevelt & Taft 435 to 88 and 8 Wilson got only 41% of pop. vote; smaller than Bryan’s 3 previous efforts. Democrats won a majority in Congress for the next 6 years. TR and Taft combined polled over 1.25 million pop. votes more than Wilson.

    46. WILSON AND THE NEW FREEDOM

    47. WILSON’S RISE TO POWER 1910 PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY 1912 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

    48. WILSON’S BACKGROUND BORN IN VIRGINIA 1856 SON OF A MINISTER STUDIED THE LAW PhD IN POLITICAL SCIENCE COLLEGE PROFESSOR GREAT SPEAKER AND WORDSMITH White-supremacist: didn't sympathize with efforts to improve rights for African Americans. Not willing to go as far as TR in gov’t activism. Unlike TR, Wilson lacked common touch Moral righteousness made him often uncompromising

    49. WIN THE ELECTION OF 1912 REPUBLICANS SPLIT TR VS TAFT WILSON 1ST DEMOCRAT OF 20TH CENTURY HE BELIEVED IN STRONG PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP A PROGRESSIVE ENJOYS IMMEDIATE SUCCESS DEMOCRATS CONTROL BOTH HOUSES

    50. ATTACKS “THE TRIPLE WALLS OF PRIVILEGE” TARIFFS, BANKING AND TRUSTS THE HIGH TARIFF PASSES THE UNDERWOOD TARIFF ACT 1913 1913 (Underwood-Simmons Tariff) In unprecedented move, summoned Congress into special session in early 1913 and read message in person rather than by a clerk (custom since Jefferson’s day). Underwood Tariff Bill passed by House Wilson appealed to the people to demand their Senators pass the bill.

    51. CUTS RATES FROM 42% TO 27% CREATE DUTY FREE LIST. TO REPLACE REVENUE INCOME TAX IS PASSED.

    52. PROGRESSIVE AMENDMENTS 16TH AMENDMENT RATIFIED 1913 = THE INCOME TAX 17TH AMENDMENT 1913 = DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS 18TH AMENDMENT 1920 = PROHIBITION 19TH AMENDMENT 1920 = WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

    53. BANKING AND THE MONEY TRUST THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT 1913 A CENTRAL BANK, 1ST SINCE JACKSON. FED PROVIDES FLEXIBLE MONEY SUPPLY INCREASING MONEY SUPPLY WILL BRING INFLATION DECREASING MONEY SUPPLY WILL SLOW THE ECONOMY Nation’s existing National Banking Act

    54. MONETARY POLICY CHANGE INTEREST RATES TO EXPAND OR CONTRACT THE MONEY SUPPLY TOOLS OF MONETARY POLICY: DISCOUNT RATE OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS RESERVE REQUIREMENTS

    55. ATTACKS TRUSTS AND MONOPOLIES BELIEVED IN DIVESTITURE (BREAKING UP MONOPOLIES) FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT 1914 CAN INVESTIGATE TRUSTS CAN ISSUE CEASE AND DESIST ORDERS.

    56. CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT 1914 “MAGNA CARTA OF LABOR” OUTLAWS CERTAIN BUSINESS PRACTICES EXEMPTS UNIONS FROM INJUNCTIONS

    57. WILSON APPOINTS BRANDEIS TO SUPREME COURT JEWISH A LIBERAL AUTHOR OF: OTHER PEOPLES MONEY AND HOW THE BANKERS USE IT The "people’s lawyer"

    58. WILSON’S NEW POLITICAL TACTICS SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO CONGRESS FIRST SINCE JOHN ADAMS MARSHALS PUBLIC OPINION AGAINST CONGRESS ENFORCES STRICT PARTY DISCIPLINE.

    59. LIMITS OF WILSON’S PROGRESSIVE BELIEFS OPPOSES LOW INTEREST LOANS TO FARMERS OPPOSE EXEMPTIONS FOR UNIONS FAILS TO BACK CHILD LABOR LAWS FAILS TO BACK WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE RACE: WILSON BACKS PLESSY DECISION: SEPARATE BUT EQUAL.

    60. WILSON

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