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CHAPTER 1 Policy Science and Policy Cycles. 政策科学与政策回环. 任课教师: 刘建文 法学院 政治与行政学系. 寻求新的理解. Students of politics search for new understandings of the relationship between governments and citizens. 理解政府与公民的相互关系. 拉斯韦尔的期望.
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寻求新的理解 • Students of politics search for new understandings of the relationship between governments and citizens. • 理解政府与公民的相互关系
拉斯韦尔的期望 • Pioneered by Harold Lasswell and others, policy science was expected to replace traditional political studies, integrating the study of political theory and political practice.
三 项 特 征 Multi-disciplinary Problem-solving Explicitly normative
四 种 传 统 • 政治决定政策 It argued that public policies vary according to the nature of a political system and its links with society. • 政策决定政治 As Theodore Lowi put it, ultimately ‘policy may determine politics’ and not the other way around.
四 种 传 统 (续) • 什么影响政策 This tradition tend to concentrate on the question of whether public policies are determined by macro-level socio-economic factors or by micro-level behavioural elements. • 政策影响什么 This literature has involved the assessment of the direct and indirect effects of specific policies.
五 个 阶 段 Five stages of the policy cycle • Agenda-Setting 议程设定 • Policy Formulation 政策形成 • Decision-Making 决策 • Policy Implementation 政策执行 • Policy Evaluation 政策评估
Policy Sector 政策领域 • The policy sector is an arena in which public policies are decided and implemented. Such arenas are conventionally bounded by substantive policy names – health care, welfare, manpower, natural resources and so on. These units are commonly held typifications that are part of the stock of knowledge held by politicians, bureaucrats, lobbyists, and others… The policy sector is a cluster or complex of organizations connected to each other by resource dependencies and distinguished from other clusters by breaks in the structure of resource dependencies.
理解政策领域 • 政策争议(issues) • 相应知识(knowledge) • 行为者(actors) • 多层次(multi-levels) • 展开过程(process / cycle / stages)
Actor 行 为 者 • 政策领域研究十分强调政策行为者的作用 Understanding the activities and interactions of policy actors is a key facet of understanding the policy process. • 不同类型的行为者集团 Subgovernments advocacy coalitions Policy networks Policy communities • 行为者的约束条件:制度、话语、工具
Institution制 度 • 行为者并非完全独立和自我决定的,他们受一系列环境条件的影响。 • 社会、国家与国际的制度安排影响到对问题怎样解释,哪些方案是可选的还是不可选的。 The context of societal,state, and international institutions condition how a problem is defined, facilitate the adoption of certain solutions to it,and prohibit or inhibit the choice of other solutions.
Discourse 话 语 • 行为者在特定的文化观念氛围下看待自己面对的问题并做选择。 The set of ideas and beliefs or the ‘discourse’ surrounding a policy actor serves to constrain policy actors.
Instrument 政策工具 • 行为者也受到可选择的工具范围的约束 The range of instruments available to policy-makers also serves to constrain or limit their choice.
国资流失了吗:争议与政策 2004年8月,香港独立学者朗咸平在上海发表演讲,以格林柯尔公司老板顾雏军为例,破解管理层收购式的国企产权改革背后的黑幕,指出这一手法正在成为国资流失的黑洞。朗的观点甫一刊出,舆论哗然,继而引发媒体上的一场大讨论。在这一大讨论中,公众最关心两个问题:管理层收购和产权交易中的国资流失。
环境政策:政策领域的视角 • 从上个世纪中期以来,对于环境的忧虑逐渐扩展成为规模浩大的环境运动。 • 环境运动的显著成就在于改变了世界的政策议程。 • 环境运动所提出的问题,所形成的博弈格局,越过了传统的国家界限,需要“跨界治理”(cross-bound governance)以及“全球治理”(global governance) • 环境运动广泛触及了政治、经济、社会、观念、知识等方面的深层矛盾。
环境政策:议题 1960-杀虫剂、空气污染与水污染 1970- 能源枯竭、人口过剩、核辐射 1980- 有毒废料、臭氧层空洞、热带雨林毁灭 1990- 全球变暖、生物多样性、人口爆炸
环境政策:多层次 • 全球政治经济、全球问题、全球力量 • 民族国家及其科层制管理结构 • 市场机制及其运行 • 社区与草根运动
环境政策:知识的困境 以全球变暖为例 • 全球变暖的现象将导致灾难性的结局,还是会突然归于平静? • 科学家对气候研究得越多,知道的越少。 引自:“魔鬼在云端” 《新闻周刊·选粹月刊》2004年9月