Required Essay: Patterns of Life

1. Required Essay: Patterns of Life • Where and how people made their living: • Nomads and Bedouin made their living mainly by herding livestock, such as sheep and goats, OR as traders • Farmers and villagers made their living either by • Farming: wheat, barley, olives, vegetables • Raising livestock

2. Required Essay: Patterns of Life • Where and how people made their living: • People in cities earned a living as traders, craftsmen, or civil servants

3. Required Essay: Patterns of Life • Physical Description of farm/town/city • Villages consisted of farm houses, a mosque, and a few stores. Houses were made of sun-dried mud, clay bricks, or timber; one or two rooms • Towns/Cities were usually surrounded by high walls • Narrow, winding streets, with stores on the first level and living quarters on second floor • Mosque and the suq (marketplace) were the centers of every town or city

4. Required Essay: Patterns of Life C) Potential Conflicts Farmers/villagers resented outside authority: feared • Higher taxes • Social change • Sons being taken away by military Nomads and bedouinwere resented by farmers/villagers • Their livestock often trampled crops and grasslands of farmers • Bedouin forced traders to pay them money • Rarely paid taxes to local authorities

5. Optional Essay #1: Reforms of Ottoman Empire Weaknesses of Ottoman Empire: • Government corruption • Struggles for succession • Lost monopoly of trade routes • Failed to industrialize

6. Optional Essay #1: Reforms of Ottoman Empire Young Turks: • Abandoned tolerance of other cultures & religions • Supported Turkish nationalism: fought with other peoples • Led Turkey into World War I Kemal Ataturk • Industrialization • More rights for women: can vote and hold public office • Western laws • Replaces Arabic script with Latin alphabet • Creates a secular government

7. Optional Essay # 1: Reforms of Ottoman Empire Policies of Young Turks are disastrous: • Turkey loses WWI: Ottoman Empire dissolves Reforms of Kemal Ataturk succeed in making Turkey a modern nation

8. Optional Essay #2: Policies of Imperial Powers Egypt • Egypt borrows lots of money from England and France to pay for Muhammad Ali’s reforms • England and France try to control Egyptian economy • Egypt bankrupted by construction of Suez Canal • Egyptians try to drive out British: British take control in 1882

9. Optional Essay #2: Policies of Imperial Powers Arab Nationalism • Arabs help England drive out the Turks from Arab lands during WWI. • After the war, England and France control much of the Middle East through mandates England: controls Transjordan, Iraq, Palestine France: controls Syria, Lebanon

10. Optional Essay #2: Policies of Imperial Powers Palestine • England issues Balfour Declaration, which supports the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine • Sets up the partition of Palestine into Israel and Jordan, which causes resentment among Arabs • Leads to modern conflict between Arabs and Jews

11. Optional Essay # 3: Long-Term Effects of Invaders Seljuk Turks • Capture Baghdad and control Abbassid Empire • Weaken the Byzantine Empire and frighten the Christian rulers of Europe • Byzantine Emperor asks Pope for help • Prompts Western Europe to start the Crusades

12. Optional Essay # 3: Long-Term Effects of Invaders Crusaders • Crusader Kingdoms do not last long in the Middle East, BUT bring Europe into closer contact with the Middle East • Leads to cultural diffusion and renewal of trade with India and China

13. Optional Essay # 3: Long-Term Effects of Invaders Mongols • Cause tremendous destruction • Destroy Baghdad: burn thousands of town and villages; slaughter hundreds of thousands of people • Mongol control of trade routes leads to more trade between Europe & the Middle East with China and India