The Gulf and South Korea

1. The Gulf and South Korea J.W. Kim Director, Korea Research Institute for Military Affairs Political Relations and Strategic Options in a Developing scenario

2. Table of Contents • Introduction • Prerequisite Ethics a. Effectiveness for Interest of the People b. Efficiency for the Development • Top-down process of Developing Scenario • Bottom-up process of Developing Scenario • Military Buildup in the Gulf • Conclusions

3. Feature & Relevance(1/3) • Past and Present • • Overlapping area of interests between occidental and • oriental countries • • Crossroads of three continents: Europe, Asia, and • Africa • • 53% of the world’s oil reserves • Babylonia-Assyria-Egypt-Syria-Greece-Parthia- Rome-Osman Turkey-Britain and now USA

4. Feature & Relevance(2/3) • Present and Future • Oil reserves - Estimated to run out by about 2050 • • And facing a new era of citizen democracy, capitalism and industrialization • • Preparing for the post-oil era and it needs much more infrastructure for development

5. Feature & Relevance(3/3) • South Korean relevance Oil Import from Arab Countries • Oil dependence(80%), Construction business including nuclear power plant and Potential market for defense industry. • Strong personal network with the current leadership of the Gulf States. • Without being intervened by major powers, South Korea would be a good partner

6. Prerequisite Ethics(1/7) Why Ethics? • Justice and peoples’ interest for democracy, economy and military. • • Surely various Power competitions in the process of Nation Building . • • If politicians or businessmen of mutual countries are not righteous and wise, Justice will be collapsed and People will be exploited. • • Korean experience may tell some lessons in the process of Developing Scenario • .

7. Prerequisite Ethics(2/7) Two Questions • • Effectiveness for Interest of the People • “Is the option effectively beneficial for the interest of the people?” • • Efficiency for the Development • “Is the option fully efficient for the development of the country?”

8. Prerequisite Ethics(3/7) ‘Effectiveness for interest of the people’ Kim Il Sung in North Korea maneuvered by the Soviet Union, Rhee Syngman in South Korea embraced by the United States and Kim Gu, who opposed the division of Korea before the establishment of two governments. His rationale: ‘effectiveness for interest of the people.’ • If there were no outside intervention, Korea would have • established one Republic and no war, no million innocent killed Kim Gu • “The principle of the cooperation: interest of the people to see stable • and progressive relations between the Asian countries and the Gulf.”

9. Prerequisite Ethics(4/7) • “The independence of the whole of Korea must be • guaranteed to Korea as an integral unit. • Our commission does not recognize the 38th parallel. • It is only interested in it as a political anomaly which • must be removed. In our eyes, Korea is one and indivisible” Mr. K.P.S. Menon • Korea was divided according to the interests of major powers • and Korean War broke out in 1950 - just two and half • years later - killing a million of innocent people. • Most of the Gulf countries are in a transition period from Kingdom to • Republic government. • The interest of people in the region should be put in the first place. • Leaders carefully follow the way to keep their people’s security and interest.

10. Prerequisite Ethics(5/7) ‘Efficiency for the Development’ • Hereditary monarchies with limited political development • Political strife between the parties and the people • Bahrain and Kuwait: legislatures comprising of elected and popular members • Oman: advisory council elected and also popular. • UAE: Federal National Council has a function of an advisory body - a portion • of its members are elected from a small electoral college nominated by the • seven rulers. • Qatar: new system of an elected national parliament, not yet to be held.

11. Prerequisite Ethics(6/7) • Korean experience of political strife against the inefficiency and corruption • Its own way of development tailored to Korean ecological and environmental • situation.. • ‘labor-intensive manufactured export strategy’ • poor natural resource endowment • tiny domestic market • excellent and well-educated labor.

12. Prerequisite Ethics(7/7) • ‘outward-looking strategy’ • From ‘home and traditionally man-made production’ • To ‘plant production with the modern mass-production • technologies’ • Many possibilities between the Gulf and South Korea to • share the experience, technology and the management for • developing scenario

13. Bottom-up road & Top-down process • Democratisation & Industrialization • Two ways of democratisation in Arab countries. Bottom-up road by the peoples’ demonstration as in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya • Top-down process by the current leadership in other Arab countries. • Even if a regime change by the people’s demonstration, take long time to get bona-fide democracy. • Democracy is not a simple political change • It is economic, social, cultural and peoples’ mind, life’s change.

14. Bottom-up road & Top-down process • South Korea in the last six decades has marched to become an ideal democratic, developed country in politics, economy, society and culture. • South Korea changed politics from conservative party to ten years of liberal regime and now is watching another ten years of conservative regime again. In 1960, GNP 79 dollars, lower than Latin America, lower than some of African countries and even to North Korea. As of 2012, sixty years later GNP 20,759 dollars, almost 300 times growth. Comparing to North Korea GNP 1,074 dollars at same time, there are 20 times difference. Export 600 billion dollars last year, became 10th economic power in the world.

15. Top-down process by the current leadership • The process would be leaded by the current leadership based on Islam religion and the culture • ‘All the praise is Allah’s, to whom belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth. His is all the praise in the hereafter, and He is the All-Wise, the All-Aware’ • Allah and Hongik • Common ground of cooperation between the Gulf and South Korea for strategic options of developing scenario in the respective of political and religious background.

16. Top-down process by the current leadership Hongik thought & New village movement • Hongik Thought initiated by the Founding Father of Korea, Dangun, and The New Community Movement started by President Park. Both are the typical top-down way of development in South Korea. South Korea and Gulf may cooperate to set-up the top-down way of Democratisation and Industrialisation in this respect.

17. Hongik Thought • Common ground • Founding principle of ancient Korea in BC 2,333 • Still shaping the ideology of Korea education constitution. • ‘Widely benefited’ includes educational, social, cultural and emotional happiness. • God opened the world of human being and made it a reality. • The world is a possibility, not a completion. The good will of God to realize the divinity in the human world that God wished to help the people.

18. Hongik Thought The descending of the god of heaven, the construction of the city of god, and the immortal god of the heaven. The thought of unification between god and human being. The possibility in humans to realize his good will. Firstly divinity (possibility) secondly aims to improve the quality of human life (condition) and thirdly realises the divinity in human beings (completion), Finally the individuals who realised the divinity in themselves Hongik man • Based on the accurate recognition of the unlimitedness of human desires. • Not just for a specific people, nation or class, but it shows the universal harmony of the spirit of peace • Overcome religious discrimination and Curtailments of minorities’ rights

19. New village movement

20. New village movement • Common ground ‘Saemaul Movement’ which was later, called ‘New village movement’ Political initiative launched1970 by President Park to modernise the rural economy and rectify the disparity of the people Slogans : Diligence, self-help and collaboration The gap between the urban areas and the rural areas Sought to rectify the growing disparity of the standard of living among people Serious gab between the poor and the rich in Arab countries Very much advisable for Arab counties to accomplish the equity of the people.

21. Bottom-up process of Developing Scenario • Lessons from Arab Revolution Firstly, structural contradiction has broken the status quo not by incremental evolvement but by even hair trigger. Secondly dynamic energy of that breaking status quo was diffused to same structural and contextual political entity. Thirdly new communication technology such as SNS linked to the Political consciousness and people’s demonstration are changing the Arab countries now.

22. Bottom-up process of Developing Scenario • Weakening of secular principles and curtailments of women and minorities’ rights Necessary to overcome Firstly, the problems of Anglo-American scholarships incompatibility of Islam and Democracy, Secondly, Binary understanding of religion and secular, Thirdly, Orientalism and historical ignorance and prejudice on Arab world, Fourthly, Colonial, Imperial interest and Geopolitics.

23. Korean Experience for bottom up movement

24. Korean Experience for bottom up movement • Common ground: Strong State • from the religious ideology & the factional competition Korea - extremely difficult because of the existence of a ‘strong state’ Gulf - highly religious position in the countries of the Gulf 1. Originated from an anti-communist state with strong coercive power, on the basis of the strong colonial state. • 2. Ideological, political conflicts between the left and • right during the post-liberation period • 3. Developmental state under dictatorial regimes, which • resorted to extreme coercion and governmental • competence in order to promote the compressed economic development.

25. Korean Experience for bottom up movement • Democratisation Movement The more the rule was strengthened and extended, the more the democratisation movement spread. • Confrontations continued between the dictatorial regimes’ authoritarian rule and the democratisation movement’s resistance. Social changes resulted from the successful compressed industrialisation further increased demand for democratisation. • Exemplary cases : 1960 Revolution, the Gwangju Uprising in 1980, and the June Democratic Uprising of 1987. • June Democratic Uprising put an end to authoritarian rule and paved the way for democratisation.

26. Korean Experience for bottom up movement • Regime change 1987 presidential election held during the process of democratic transition, Roh Tae Woo, who had been nominated by the Chun Doo Hwan regime, could win because candidates from democratic opposition parties were divided. • The substantial transition to democracy came after a decade with the victory of the democratic opposition party Kim Dae Jung in the 1997 presidential election • Kim Dae Jung government and its successor government led by President Roh Moo Hyun fulfilled a number of tasks of democratic reform.

27. Korean Experience for bottom up movement • Democratic patriots Democratisation movement forces have made the greatest contribution to the development of democracy not only by prominent leaders, but also by countless victims and ordinary people. • Many ‘democratic patriots’ had to sacrifice their lives for the cause of democratisation, and numerous anonymous people shed blood, sweat and tears to join the democratisation movement • The development of South Korean democracy • could be useful for Bottom-up process of • Developing Scenario of the Gulf with Korean cooperation.

28. Military Buildup in the Gulf with Korean Cooperations • Rising threats Asymmetric and proxy warfare, nuclear weapons, internal security threats, and Terrorism. Most countries have limited war fighting experience. The Southern Gulf states have large military resources and many countries are making massive arms purchases. Limited effort to improve their effectiveness and interoperability as well as their ability to work with the US, Britain and France to deter and contain Iran. The growing divisions between Sunni and Shi’ite in the region could trigger the emergence of new non-state elements.

29. Military Buildup in the Gulf with Korean Cooperation • Peninsula Shield Force Rising tensions with Iran, increasing talk of political integration amongst GCC member states, like the European Union. First proposed in December 2011 by King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE and Oman. Peninsula Shield Force was materialized with Bahrain’s protest movement in March 2011. As protests escalated, Bahrain’s government invited security assistance from other neighboring Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The Peninsula Shield Force, part of the mutual agreement signed October 1982 among GCC Countries.

30. Military Buildup in the Gulf with Korean Cooperation • Peninsula Shield Force Their operations were limited to preparing to assist the Bahrain Defense Force against any confrontation by any foreign armed intervention and in protecting and securing vital locations in the country. Peninsula Shield Forces did not participate in any operations involving confrontations with Bahraini civilians or engage in any form of riot control. Furthermore, The Commission did not find any evidence of human rights violations committed by these units deployed in Bahrain starting on 14 March 2011.

31. Military Buildup in the Gulf with Korean Cooperation • Procurement paths of GCC countries The GCC states are beginning to create missile defense forces to deal with Iran’s growing missile forces, and naval and air forces to counter Iranian capabilities for irregular warfare in the Gulf and in the Gulf of Oman. Saudi Arabia is upgrading its air force and the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG), and it is also improving its capability in special operations and counter-insurgency. naval development has focused on developing a mix of large and medium surface assets with the intention of developing blue water capabilities. The UAE has focused on developing its fleet of fast naval interceptors to bolster coastal piracy deterrence and maritime anti-terrorism. Little standardisation or focus on interoperability in air forces and major land weapons. Adjusting their forces to face the risk of a lasting power vacuum in Iraq.

32. Military Buildup in the Gulf with Korean Cooperation • Current cooperation with Arab countries Agreement on Cooperation for Defense and Logistics with several Arab countries such as UAE, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and some other countries in secrecy. South Korea has exported military clothing, communication devices and transportation vehicles to Iraq, Small military appliances, bullets and shells, components of the package for small rifles and military simulators to UAE and Saudi Arabia. South Korea has contracted with UAE about the co-development of UAV at IDEX 2013. At the first international exhibition of Defense and Logistics in Iraq, there were eighteen South Korean defense manufactures among total 33 international companies. Arab countries need high-tech weapons which require high operational precision to get accustomed to the desert environments.

33. Military Buildup in the Gulf with Korean Cooperation • Potential cooperation with South Korea Since the 1980s, policy of indigenous military weapons and homeland defense-oriented militarisation efforts has promoted much military equipment production and technology. In the 1990s it has boosted exportation and its international trade. T-155 self- propelled artillery to Turkey; K11 air-burst rifle to United Arab Emirates; Bangabandhu class guided-missile frigate to Bangladesh; Fleet tankers for the navies to Australia, New Zealand, and Venezuela; Makassar class amphibious assault ships for Indonesia; KT-1 plane fighter trainer for Turkey and Indonesia. Mistral class amphibious assault ships to Russia produced

34. Military Buildup in the Gulf with Korean Cooperation • Potential cooperation with South Korea South Korea was largely dependent on the United States to supply its armed forces, but after the participation Vietnam War in the 1970s, its military brought US weapon technologies and began to manufacture many of its indigenous weapons. So the Gulf and South Korea will be a good partner in weapon-systems acquisition and military operation because they want to develop its own military power without being intervened or dominated by external powers.

35. Conclusions(1/3) A need for Middle Power

36. Conclusions(2/3) A need for Middle Power Too complex to rely solely on major powers. 1. Economic imbalances between advanced and developing nations, • 2. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), • 3. Terrorism, • 4. Cyber threats to security, • 5. Climate change • All these are issues that the concert of great powers alone cannot resolve. • Calls on the so-called “middle powers” to play a more proactive role in filling in the lacunae of “great power politics.”

37. Conclusions(3/3) A need for Asian Powers Oriental countries have developed their own democracy and welfare of the people. Do we have to follow only western way? • South Korea had conflicts and impacts between the western way of development and Korean unique traditions. • In the last six decades, South Korea became a democratic and developed country in respect to the political, social, cultural and the economics. So the cooperation will be effective.. • A need for security roles of Asian powers in Arab countries

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