Time is Money: Personal Finance Applications of the Time Value of Money

1. Time is Money: Personal Finance Applications of the Time Value of Money Barbara O’Neill, Ph.D, CFP

2. Time : A Financial Management Tool • “A penny saved is a penny earned” • “Time is money” • “I’m on the clock” • “I’m buying myself some time” • “Timing is everything” • Albert Einstein: quote about compound interest Too many young people don’t appreciate the awesome power of the time value of money!!!

3. Time Reduces Investment Volatility Source: Ibbotson Associates

4. So What Exactly Is The Time Value of Money? (Review) Key message of remainder of class: Compound interest can be... • Your worst enemy (credit card debt) • Your best friend (5+ decades of compound interest) The choice is up to you!

5. Ways to Calculate TV of Money • Mathematically • Financial calculator (e.g. TI-BA35) • Computer spreadsheets with formulas • (e.g., Microsoft Excel) • TV of money interest factor tables

6. Let’s Review • Future value of a lump sum • Example: Value of $10,000 gift today in 20 years • 8% i, N =20, FVF =4.6610 ($46,610) • Present value of a lump sum • Example: Value of a $10,000 gift in 20 years today • 8%i, N =20, PVF =.2145 ($2,145)

7. More Review: What Is An Annuity? Two types of annuities (according to timing of receipt or payment of $) • Ordinary Annuity: payment at end of period • Examples: bank account interest, stock dividends, car note, mortgage • Annuity Due: payment at start of period • Examples: insurance premiums, leases

8. Which Type of Annuity is Better If You’re an Investor?

9. Annuity Due • The sooner a dollar is received, the sooner the compounding process begins • FV and PV of an annuity due are always greater than FV and PV of ordinary annuity • Common Example: Funding an IRA on Jan. 1 versus April 15 of the following year • Compound interest magnifies the difference in returns over time

10. Key Variables in TV of Money Problems • N- Number of compounding periods • % i- Interest rate (for compounding FV or discounting PV) • PV • FV • For annuity calculations, periodic payment or receipt amount • Enter 3 known variables; solve for the 4th (unknown) variable

11. Problem #1 Your first “real” job pays $32,000 a year to start. How much will you need to be earning in 20 years to maintain the same purchasing power if inflation averages 3%? 4%? 5%?

12. Problem #2 • Your grandparents (age 60 and 62) are about to retire next month with a monthly income of $2,000. Assuming an annual inflation rate of 4%, how much will they need in 10 years to equal the purchasing power of $2,000 today? 20 years? 30 years?

13. What can your grandparents do to prevent inflation from eroding their purchasing power?

14. Problem #3 Your rich uncle has promised to give you $25,000. The only “catch” is that you must graduate from college and get a “real job” before he gives it to you. Let’s assume that’s in 4 years. What is the value of his gift today if his money is earning 5%? 7% 10%

15. Problem #4 Kevin is 19 and wants to have $10,000 saved by the time he’s 25. Thanks to a generous gift from his grandparents, he currently has $6,500 invested in a bond paying 5%. If he makes no further deposits, will he reach his goal?

16. How could Kevin reach (or exceed) his goal?

17. Problem #5 Heather starts a Roth IRA at age 22. She plans to contribute $3,000 at the end of each year year for 45 years until age 67. How much will she have if her IRA investments earn 4% ? 7% ? 9% ?

18. $3,000 a Year is About $60 a Week of Savings How can Heather “find” $60 a week to invest in her Roth IRA?

19. Problem #6 Wendy and Sal just got married and want to save $15,000 for a down payment and closing costs on their first house. They intend to save $500 per month in CDs averaging a 4% annual return. How long will it take them to reach their goal? Hints: Use a financial calculator…The answer is less than 5 years!

20. Problem #7 You quit smoking a pack a day of cigarettes and save $2,550 a year (savings of $7 per pack per day). You are 20. How much would you have if you invested the money in a stock index fund averaging a 10% return and don’t touch it until age 55?

21. Problem #8 Lucky you…you won the NJ lottery. You have a choice between receiving $1,000,000 as an annuity of $50,000 a year over 20 years or taking $500,000 as a lump sum payment today. Ignoring taxes for the moment and, assuming a discount rate of 6%, which option is the best deal?

22. Problem #9 You want a $1 million dollars when you retire and will average a 10% return. How much do you need to save per year if you have… • 40 years to save? • 30 years to save? • 20 years to save? • 10 years to save? What do these results tell you?

23. Problem #10 • Your grandparents, both age 62, have a retirement fund of $100,000 saved to supplement their pension and Social Security. Assuming an average annual interest rate of 7%, how long will the fund last if they withdraw $750 per month? What would you advise them to do?

24. Two Take-Home Messages: 1. For every decade that you delay saving, the required investment triples (approx.) 2. Compound interest is NOT retroactive!!!

25. The Millionaire Game: A Perfect Metaphor For Compound Interest

26. 15 $1 Million 14 $500,000 13 $250,000 12 $125,000 11 $64,000 10 $32,000 9 $16,000 8 $8,000 7 $4,000 6 $2,000 5 $1,000 4 $500 3 $300 2 $200 50:50 1 $100 A: Answer A B: Answer B C: Answer C D: Answer D

27. YOU WIN $1 MILLION DOLLARS!