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CBNRM in coastal Bulgaria: Advise on use and networking

CBNRM in coastal Bulgaria: Advise on use and networking. BSNN, Natura 2000 project on CZM Varna, Bulgaria, 2 July 2010 Lars T. Soeftestad Community-Based Natural Resource Management Network, (CBNRM Net, www.cbnrm.net). CONTENT . About yourself Aims with the session Presentation

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CBNRM in coastal Bulgaria: Advise on use and networking

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  1. CBNRM in coastal Bulgaria:Advise on use and networking BSNN, Natura 2000 project on CZM Varna, Bulgaria, 2 July 2010 Lars T. Soeftestad Community-Based Natural Resource Management Network, (CBNRM Net, www.cbnrm.net)

  2. CONTENT • About yourself • Aims with the session • Presentation • 3.1 Key terms • 3.2 About CBNRM • 3.3 Stakeholder analysis • 3.4 Networking and networks • Discussion • Evaluation Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  3. 1 ABOUT YOURSELF • In which sector do you work – public sector, civil society or private sector? • At which level do you work – local, regional and/or national? • What are your expectations with this session? • Have you participated in similar trainings earlier? Which topic? Org. by whom? • Was it useful? What did you like & what not? Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  4. About yourself, II • List informal and formal relationshiops you ahve with organizations represented here, and with persons that participate in the session • List relevant projects and activities Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  5. 2 AIMS WITH THE SESSION • Support the project • Present concepts, methods of analysis and ways of working • Contribute to awareness raising and empowerment of project stakeholders • Contribute to ensuring that the processes and results achieved by the project continues after project closure Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  6. Aims with the session, II • Provide tools for evaluating the project • Support the integration of the coastal region further into wider contexts (Bulgaria, Eastern Europe, EU) Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  7. Aims with the session, III • Initiate and facilitate communicatioan between all stakeholders stakeholders that have interests in the coastal region, as located in public sector, civil society and private sector • Support collective action and local partnerships • Promote exchange of information and knowledge Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  8. 3.1 KEY TERMS • Participation • Informal and formal participation in the democratic process • Is more participation needed ? • Governance • Based on participation • The idea that people are involved, through a democratic process, in governing themselves • Characterize roles and positions in your own village and municipality Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  9. Key terms, II • Stakeholders • Persons have different roles and positions in communities and municipalities, etc. • This means they have different interests (or stakes) in policy- and decision-making • Co-management • Association or collaboration between stakeholders that are dissimilar in certain respects Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  10. 3.2 ABOUT CBNRM • CBNRM = Community-Based Natural Resource Management • Two parts to the term • Definition • CBNRM Net Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  11. 3.3 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS • What is a stakeholder? • Persons have different roles and positions in communities, municipalities, etc. • This means they have different interests (or stakes) in policy- and decision-making • So, we have: • Roles and positions • Interests (stakes) • Influence and power Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  12. On stakeholders, I • What characterizes stakeholders? • Values • Preferences • Means • Goals • Where do we find stakeholders? • Public sector (at several levels) • Civil society (at several levels • Private sector Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  13. On stakeholders, II Classification and types: • Outside Bulgaria / internationally • Financing • Fund and project administration • In Bulgaria • Public, civil society and private sectors • Adm. levels: from govt. to community / population • Recipient/user and resource provider • Critical/neutral and opportunistic • Relationship to local population and the state Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  14. On stakeholders, III Public sector Central government departments and agencies Universities, Foundations, Local govern-ments Public utilities, Regulated corporations Family enterprises, Partnerships, Private corpo-rations NGOs, Community- based organizations Cooperati-ves, Trade unions Private sector Civil society Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  15. On stakeholders, III • Role of public adm. & civil society? Lack of NGOs a problem for governance? • Is associating with others important? • Stakeholders outside the coastal region determine and impact your work as well as your values • Stakeholders have official and hidden agendas and goals Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  16. Stakeholder models, I From simple to complex: • Line – 2 stakeholders • Donor and recipient, nation level • To be understood horizontally and vertically • Triangle – 3 stakeholders • Local population added • To be understood horizontally and vertically Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  17. Stakeholder models, II From simple to complex: • Square – 4 stakeholders • Civil society in countries outside Slovenia added • More stakeholders means more relationships • Stakeholders have to relate to increasing numbers of other stakeholders Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  18. Stakeholder models, III From simple to complex: • Pentagon and further ... • ”Everybody” are (key) stakeholders: self-identification • Different types of rationality Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  19. Stakeholder analysis, I • Originally prepared by the World Bank • A method to describe and analyse relationships between stakeholders • Important for analysing and understanding interests, including conflicts and conflict resolution Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  20. Stakeholder analysis, II • In connection with planning of projects • In connection with implementation and evaluation of projects • Used also at the sector level • Used in combination with other methods, incl. social assessment and social analysis Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  21. Stakeholder analysis, III Stakeholder analysis consists of 4 steps: • Identify key stakeholders • Assess their interests and the potential impact of the project on these interests • Assess their influence and importance • Outline stakeholder participation strategy Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  22. Stakeholder analysis, IV Stakeholder analysis, Step 1: Identify key stakeholders • Who are potential beneficiaries? • Who might be adversely affected? • Have vulnerable groups been identified? • Have supporters and opponents been identified? • What are the rel.ships among the stakeholders? Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  23. Stakeholder analysis, V Stakeholder analysis, Step 2: Assess interests and the potential impact of the project on these interests • What are their expectations of the project? • What benefits are there likely to be? • What resources might they mobilize? • What stakeholder interests conflict with project goals? Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  24. Stakeholder analysis, VI Stakeholder analysis, Step 3: Assess influence and importance (for each stakeholder assess the following): • Power & status (political, social, economic) • Degree of organization • Control of strategic resources • Informal influence (e.g., pers. connections) • Power relations with other stakeholders • Importance to the success of the project Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  25. Stakeholder analysis, VII Stakeholder analysis, Step 4: Outline stakeholder participation strategy. Plan stakeholder involvement acc. to: • Interests, importance and influence of each stakeholder • Particular efforts needed to involve important stakeholders who lack influence • Appropriate forms of participation throughout the project cycle Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  26. Stakeholder analysis, VIII Institutional analysis – at the micro- and macro-levels • Institutions or organizations are a special type of stakeholder that often requires separate analysis • Institutions facilitates and constrains the flow of knowledge and data between scales • Important for understanding and assessing power and empowerment Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  27. 3.4 NETWORKING AND NETWORKS • A network is a social structure of persons that are connected by various types of interdependency • Members of a network are often involved in collective action • A network’s structure can be presented visually (see next slide) Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  28. Introduction, II • Collective action • Two or more stakeholders collaborating to reach a joint goal or goals • Basis for participation and governance • Networks • Why associate more formally with each other? • What is the connection between coastal zone management, sustainable development, transparency, governance, democratization and networking? Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  29. On networks, I A simple network consists of nodes and links • Stakeholders / Nodes: • Peripheral vs. central • Power vs. lack of power • Relations / Links: • Strength • Direction • Content Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  30. On networks, II • Role of a network • Integrate members (i.e., stakeholders) • Disseminate and share information • Table and discuss common issues • Address, mediate and solve conflicts • Build trust • Networks compared • With trad. social org. (in Eastern Europe in general and Bulgaria in particular) Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  31. On networks, III • Advantages of networks • General: inclusion, governance, participation, transparency • Specific: sustainable coastal zone management can only be reach through collaboration, necessary to think in terms of the coastal region • Network versus partnership • Partnerships: few members, targeted, formal Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  32. On networks, IV • Case: Bulgaria’s near past • Negative aspects of a hierarchical societal structure • Individuals affiliated with public institutions often do not contribute, for specific reasons. What are some examples of this? Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  33. Issues in networking, I • Conflicts and conflict management • Why do conflicts arise? • Who are key stakeholders in the coastal region? • What are their views? • How do latent conflicts become real? • Conflicts are normal • What are your experiences with conflicts? Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  34. Issues in networking, II • Trust • What is trust? • Absence of trust often leads to conflict • How to build trust • Participants to presnet own experiences • The harmony model (see following 5 slides) Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  35. Issues in networking, III Harmony model, no. 1 Support Support Increase democracy org. civil society & economic dev. • Building organizations = building societies • Supporting civil society is positive in itself, anytime and anywhere Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  36. Issues in networking, IV Harmony model, no. 2 • Lacking understanding of conflicts and differences of interest • Development is a transformation: new interests win and older ones disappear • Strong organizations for new interests can support development, and vice versa Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  37. Issues in networking, V Harmony model, no. 3 • Country cooperation: strong external force • Interfer in social, political and ec. processes • Civil society: there will be growth in organizations with varying legitimation • Local stakeholders receive resources, which in turn may impact the balance between groups and interests Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  38. Issues in networking, VI Harmony model, no. 4 • Understand the social contract as a colla-borative (co-mgmt.) enterprise between stakeholders with different expertise and comparative advantages • Get civil society to contribute to political and ec. development that benefit the people Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  39. Issues in networking, VII Harmony model, no. 5 • Strong organizations that are not integra-ted into society contribute to segmen ta-tion, opposition and conflicts that hamper development • Modernization: develop political and administrative institutions that can handle conflicts and overcome obstacles Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  40. Examples of networks • Bulgaria • Black Sea NGO Network • Romania and Eastern Europe • ProSomes (Bistrita Municipal Network) • Carpathian Network of Protected Areas • International • Community-Based Natural Resource Management Network (CBNRM Net) Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  41. Co-management, I • Co-management • Association or collaboration between stakeholders that are dissimilar in various respects • Mostly found between stakeholders at the local level (villages and municipalities) and the national level. That is, these stakeholders are located along a vertical axis. • Co-management has important advantages in terms of comparative advantages and sharing of responsibilities Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  42. Co-management, II Co-management relations between key stakeholders – The past Central govt. Community-based groups Local govt. People Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  43. Co-management, III Co-management relationships between key stakeholders – Future / Goal: Community-based groups Co-management Central govt. Local govt. Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  44. The Bulgaria coastal network, I • Underlying principles • Equity and equality • Public participation • Transparency • Governance • Structure • Hierarchy versus horizontality • Roles: office holders and members Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  45. The Bulgaria coastal network, II • Levels of involvement: Roles & passive versus active • Process of decision-making & expressing opinions • Members and membership • Lacking role of civil society • Eligible members: public sector and private sector Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  46. The Bulgaria coastal network, III • Organizing networks • Appropriate approaches for creating network • Role of an external agent • Pro et contra: what are your views? • Broadening the perspective • Partnerships (internal) & co-mgmt. (external) • Past, ongoing and planned projects • Criteria for collaboration? Can network help? Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  47. Conclusions, I • Projects are increasingly process oriented • Project admin. is hierarchic (communication) • Relate not only to local stakeholders but also to colleagues and partners (cf. network analysis) • Often difficult balancing act: compromises • One learns as one go along Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  48. Conclusions, II • Stakeholder analysis important to under-stand what is happening at the local level • Increase effect and goal attainment • Decrease negative impacts • Decrease in negative effect is little under-stood and even less focused on • Key stakeholders do not understand project cooperation and impacts • Key stakeholders have different agendas • Lead to conflicts, which must be addressed Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  49. Challenges, I • Get civil society to contribute to political and ec. dev. that benefits the people • Strong org. that are not integrated in society contribute to segmentation, opposition and conflicts that hamper dev. • Modernisation: develop political and adm. institutions that can handle conflicts and overcome obstacles Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

  50. Challenges, II • Cooperation between public sector, private sector and civil society crucial • Concern: strong outside intervention coupled with weak local basis for own autonomy • Inability of public sector to support people via civil society organized activities Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010

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