Cell Energy & Enzymes

1. Cell Energy & Enzymes Ch. 5.10 - 5.16, Ch. 6 & Ch. 7

2. Cells must create and/or Process Energy using chemical reactions. • ENZYMES: • CATALYST: a substance that causes a chemical reaction to ______________ The substance is not changed or used up.

3. What are enzymes? • Most enzymes are ____________________ • Act as a _____________ to accelerate reactions • ______________________ changed in the process

4. Enzymes • ___________ for what they catalyze • Are _________ • End in “_____”

5. How do enzymes work? Enzymes work by ______________________, which lowers the __________________________________ http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

6. Enzyme The Enzyme–Substrate Complex Substrate Joins

7. Enzyme Active Site Active Site Substrate

8. What affects enzyme activity? Three factors…

9. Environmental Conditions • Extreme __________________ are the most dangerous • _________ (most “like” _______________, near neutral) • ____________________________ (_________________)

10. Cofactors & Coenzymes Example: ____________ must be present in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

11. Enzyme Competitive inhibitor 2 types of enzyme inhibitors • Competitive inhibitors: Substrate

12. Noncompetitive Inhibitor Enzyme active site altered 2 types of enzyme inhibitors • Non-competitive inhibitors: Substrate

13. Enzymatch.com • Understanding the importance of finding your perfect lock or key! • Enzymatch.com guarantees to speed up your match making experience!

14. Purpose of Enzymes: Enzymes A Fun Introduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4&feature=related 1. (ex. synthesis of DNA) 2. (ex. digestion of foods) 3.

15. Catabolic Reactions Anabolic Vs. Catabolic Anabolic Reactions • Example: Photosynthesis • Example: Cellular Respiration

16. Memory trick! • A • B • C • D

17. Examples of Enzymes

18. Lactose Intolerance Lactose Glucose + Galactose Monosaccharide Monosaccharide Disaccharide www.unitedstreaming.com - “Lactose Intolerance” GHScardinal greenwich

19. catalase 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things. Its job is to break down the poison hydrogen peroxide. Substrate(s)? Enzyme? Reactant (s)? Product(s)?

20. OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE: a specific temperature at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest

21. Do all organisms have the same optimum temperature for their enzymes? An enzyme found in Wild Alaskan Salmon An enzyme found in Bacteria An enzyme found in Humans

22. The same goes for ______ • pH: Each enzyme works within a small pH range. When an enzyme is NOT in its optimal pH environment the active site of the enzyme changes shape. • Acidic pH levels: • Neutral pH level: • Basic pH levels: • OPTIMAL pH: a specific pH level at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest.

23. Do all enzymes in an organism have the same optimum pH? Amylase Pepsin Trypsin

24. What happens when an enzyme reaches past it’s optimal temperature or pH? DENATURATION (denature): Denatured proteins will not go back to their original shape!!

25. Cell Energy Photosynthesis Cell Respiration

26. CHLOROPLAST Photosynthesis: Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

27. Anatomy of a Chloroplast

28. How does the chloroplast absorb sunlight energy? Chlorophylls absorb most strongly in the ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This is why plant parts that contain chlorophyll appear green to the human eye. • Pigments: • Chlorophyll a (green) • Chlorophyll b (green) • Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

30. Photosynthesis Overview

31. Part 1: Light Reaction

32. Part 2: Calvin Cycle

33. Thomas EngeLmann’s Experiment What is a valid conclusion based on this graph? O2 production decreases as the wavelength increases from 550 – 650 nm Respiration rate in bacteria is greatest at 550 nm Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light The algae absorb the greatest amount of O2 in red light

34. Thomas EngeLmann’s Experiment Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light Evidence: 1. 2. 3. Animation of experiment

35. Photosynthesis Drawings! Photosynthesis Overview – Page 118 Light Reaction in detail – Page 114 Calvin Cycle in detail – Page 116 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR

36. Cell Energy Photosynthesis Cell Respiration

37. Breaks down into microscopic molecules Loaf of bread Bread crumbs

38. Glucose’s Final Destination… MITOCHONDRIA!!!

39. Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration The energy is released in the form of ___________!!!! GLUCOSE ENERGY (ATP)

40. Adenosine Triphosphate

41. ATP Glucose • ATP: • Cellular Activities that require ATP: • Active Transport of the cell membrane • Making new DNA and new cells • Muscle contractions • Nerve impulses

42. ATP Function ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN: The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

43. Cellular Respiration

44. HETEROTROPHS What type of organisms perform cellular respiration? Autotrophs • AKA: producer • Examples: plants, algae & some bacteria • AKA: consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore • Examples: animals, fungi, & most bacteria

45. Cell Respiration Overview

46. Part 1: Glycolysis

47. Glycolysis Summary

48. Transition To Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle

49. Part 2: Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle

50. Part 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation