Chapter 9:

1. Chapter 9: Speech and Language

2. Definitions: • Communication: Exchange of Information and Knowledge – • A basic human need • Sender – Receiver – Channel (route through which information travels) • Can be verbal or non verbal

3. Elements: • Language (p.275) “a system of symbols, governed by complex rules, that individuals use for communication” • Can be spoken or non spoken (ASL) • Expressive Language – ability to produce language • Receptive Language – the ability to comprehend

4. Language: A background • How do we develop language? • Skinner – Behaviorist Theory - Nurture • Chomsky – LAD (Language Acquisition Device) – Nature • Is there a critical or sensitive period for language development • Story of Genie (Critical period for sentence structure – rules, sensitive period for language)

5. Speech/Language Impairment • Defined as • “a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance” (p.275) • Importance of Speech Language Pathologist

6. Specific Language Impairments (SLI) • Language delay (slower acquisition of language) • Aphasia (loss of language after it has developed) From accident/injury / TBI

7. Speech Disorders – 4 categories • 1) Voice disorders (difficulty with pitch, vocal quality, etc.) • -unusually soft speech • -muffled speech • -cleft lip and palate issues • 2)Articulation disorders • Omission (bo – for boat) • Additions (ammmmaminal for animal) • Errors of distortion (sh for s)

8. Fluency Disorders • Stuttering (speech broken by sound repetitions, prolonged sound, absence of sound) • Many stutterers in history/popular culture • http://www.stutteringhelp.org/ • SLP very helpful here

9. Disorders of Resonance: • Weak speech

10. Biological causes • Physiological issues • TBI (frontal lobes) • Hearing loss/deafness • Aphasia • Cleft Lip/Palate (congenital birth defect) http://www.operationsmile.org/

11. Environmental Causes: • Skinnerian theory • True environment issue (talk to your child, talk with your child) • Children of Low SES of high risk for speech/language issues • b/c of inadequate medical care ( for ear infections, etc.)

12. Cognitive/Academic Characteristics • Need S/L skills for communication and learning in all subject areas • Children who have S/L delays at high risk for reading disability

13. Social/Emotional Characteristics • Teasing • Low self esteem • Self consciousness • Difficulty in social situations • Difficulty in academic situations • Difficulty with being “taken seriously” in the academic arena

14. Behavioral Characteristics If you can’t express needs verbally – there is ultimate frustration… Students with SLP at high risk for behavioral disorders

15. Dual Diagnosis/Co morbidity • LD • Autism • Hearing Loss • Physical/health disability, etc.

16. Eligibility for Services • Does student have a SIGNIFICANT delay? • Does the students S/L issues effect educational performance • Can the student benefit from intervention

17. Importance: • Early intervention services • Most (88% of student) receive pull out services from a speech language pathologist • Transition and adulthood services: • (self advocation, self esteem, academic demands)

18. Visit/explore a website which deals with an SLP issue we talked about today: • Operation smile • Stuttering Foundation • http://www.hmc.psu.edu/childrens/healthinfo/a/aphasia.htm • http://www.asha.org/default.htm http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/language_development.shtml