Define forensics science. When did fingerprinting identification come about?

1. Define forensics science. • When did fingerprinting identification come about? • When was the first polygraph used? • When was the FBI created? • When did the fingerprinting become computerize?

2. 1.What were the names of the victims in the OJ Simpson case? • What pieces of evidence was there to link OJ to the crime scene. • What two pieces of evidence finally convicted Ted Bundy?

3. What are the two layers of the skin? • Which layer is alive? • Which layer do fingerprints come from? • What are the three most common fingerprints? • Name and describe any three points on a fingerprint.

4. What percent of finger prints are whorled? • Name and describe the four types of whorled fingerprints. • What is the most common type of finger print? • Name and describe the two types of looped fingerprints.

5. Name the type of surfaces that dusting, iodine & super glue fuming is best used for? • How many points are needed for a positive identification?

7. Sherlock Holmes, Perry Masons, Law and Order and CSI. (Jobs like those depicted in C.S.I. don't exist. Make sure you have realistic expectations before diving in). • Forensic science may generally be defined as the application of scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge to assist courts in resolving questions of fact in civil and criminal trials. • forensic biology (DNA, blood, body fluids, etc.) • fingerprints • hair

8. History Of Forensics • Begins in BC with fingerprints in early painting of prehistoric humans. • 1784 John Toms was convicted of murder on the basis of the torn edge of wad of newspaper in a pistol matched the remaining piece in his pocket. • 1813 MathiewOrfila father of modern toxicology – developed tests for the presence chemicals in the blood and is also credits with the first attempt to use a microscope in the assessment of blood and semen stains. • 1835 Henry Goddard first to use a bullet comparison to catch murder • 1879 Virchow first to use hair and recognize its limitations. • 1884 Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason in France based on hand writing. • 1901 Sir Edwards Richard Henry Fingerprint identification

9. 8. 1901 Henry Deforrest pioneered the first systematic use of fingerprints in the US. 9. 1904 Oskar and Rudolf Adler developed a presumptive test for blood. 10. 1921 John Larson and Leonard Keeler designed the first portable polygraph. 11. 1924 August Vollmer first police crime lab in LA. 12. 1932 FBI was created. 13. 1984 Sir Alec Jefferys developed the first DNA profiling test. 14. 1986 First case to use DNA to solve a crime 15. 1996 FBI computerize Searches for Fingerprint database.

10. “The Trial of the Century” Besides his Hall of Fame career, Simpson is infamous for having been tried for the murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994. He was acquitted in criminal court in 1995 after a lengthy, highly publicized trial. In 1997, Simpson was found liable for their deaths in civil court, but to date has paid little of the $33.5 million judgment He gained further notoriety in late 2006 when he wrote a book titled If I Did It. The book, which purports to be a first-person fictional account of the murder had he actually committed it, was withdrawn by the publisher just before its release. The book was later released by the Goldman family and the title of the book was expanded to If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer). www.cnn.com/US/OJ/suspect/index.html

11. Evidence linking him to the murders. • DNA of Nicole Brown, Ronald Goldman, & OJ Simpson was found at the scene. • Shoe prints found at the crime scene were from a size 12 Bruno Magli shoe, and bloody shoe impressions on the Ford Bronco carpet was consistent with a Bruno Magli shoe. • Simpson wore a size 12 shoe.

12. Ted Bundy • Theodore Robert 'Ted' Bundy (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an Americanserial killer. • Bundy raped and murdered scores of young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978. • After more than a decade of vigorous denials, Bundy eventually confessed to 29 murders, although • he actual total of victims remains unknown. Typically, Bundy would rape his victims, and then murder them by bludgeoning, and sometimes by strangulation. He also engaged in necrophilia. • In stark contrast to the brutality of his crimes, Bundy was frequently described as educated and charming. His friends and acquaintances would remember him as a handsome and articulate young man.

13. Ted Bundy Time Line January 4 - July 14,1974– Washington State October 2, 74 – May 6,1975 –Utah State Arrested August 16, 1975 Escaped from Aspen Jail by jumping from the library, found 8 days latter driving a car weaving in and out of traffic. Escaped again in December 30, 1977 Bundy crawled over to a spot directly above the jailer's linen closet — the jailer and his wife were out for the evening — dropped down into the jailer's apartment, and walked out the door. January 15 – February 9 1978 Florida State (Chi Omega) - Bundy traveled to Lake City, Florida. While there, he abducted, raped, and murdered 12-year-old Kimberly Leach, throwing her body under a small pig shed.

14. Two pieces of evidence proved crucial. First, Chi-Omega member Nita Neary, getting back to the house very late after a date, saw Bundy as he left, and identified him in court. Second, during his homicidal frenzy, Bundy bit Lisa Levy in her left buttock, leaving obvious bite marks. Police took plaster casts of Bundy's teeth and a forensics expert matched them to the photographs of Levy's wound. Bundy was convicted on all counts and sentenced to death.

15. Oklahoma City Bombing April 19, 1995 aimed at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, a U.S. government office complex in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The attack claimed 168 lives and left over 800 injured. Timothy McVeigh arrest 90 minutes later from a vin number from a bomb car. Teeth from victims helped identified 25% of the bodies.

17. Madrid Bombings • Three of the trains set off from Alcala de Henares, about 12km to the east of Madrid. The fourth originated from Guadalajara, but passed through the station en route for the city. • On the morning of 11 March2004 (three days before Spain's general elections), killing 191 people and wounding 2,050. • That afternoon, detectives looked more carefully at the white van. They collected fingerprints, and under the passenger seat they found a plastic bag with seven detonators matching the type used in the bombings

18. The Verdict

20. History of Fingerprints • The oldest known documents showing fingerprints date from third century B.C. China. • In ancient Babylon (dating back to 1792-1750 B.C.), fingerprints pressed into clay tablets marked contracts. • The earliest written study (1684) is Dr. Nehemiah’s paper describing the patterns he saw on human hands under a microscope, including the presence of ridges. • In 1788, Johann Mayer noted that the arrangement of skin ridges is never duplicated in two persons. He was probably the first scientist to recognize this fact.

21. History of Fingerprints 5. Nine fingerprint patterns were described in 1823 by Jan Evangelist Purkyn. 6. Sir William Herschel (shown at the right), in 1856, began the collection of fingerprints and noted they were not altered by age. 7. Alphonse Bertillon created a way to identify criminals that was used in 1883 to identify a repeat offender. 8. In 1888, Sir Francis Galton (shown at the right), and Sir Edmund Richard Henry, developed the fingerprint classification system that is still in use in the United States.

22. In 1686, Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted in his treatise; ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints. In 1823, John Evangelist Purkinje, a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint patterns. In 1882, Gilbert Thompson of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, used his own thumb print on a document to prevent forgery. In Mark Twain's book, "Life on the Mississippi", a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification. Sir Francis Galton, a British anthropologist and a cousin of Charles Darwin, began his observations of fingerprints as a means of identification in the 1880's. Juan Vucetich, an Argentine Police Official, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types. Juan Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification in 1892. He was able to identify Francis Rojas, a woman who murdered her two sons and cut her own throat in an attempt to place blame on another. The Fingerprint Branch at New Scotland Yard (London Metropolitan Police) was created in July 1901 using the Henry System of Classification. First systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S. by the New York Civil Service Commission for testing. Dr. Henry P. DeForrest pioneers U.S. fingerprinting. The New York State Prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in U.S. for criminals.  1905, U.S. Army begins using fingerprints. 1907, U.S. Navy begins using fingerprints. 1908, U.S. Marine Corps begins using fingerprints. By 1946, the FBI had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files; and by 1971, 200 million cards. 2007, The largest AFIS repository  in America is operated by the Department of Homeland Security's US Visit Program, containing over 74 million persons' fingerprints, primarily in the form of two-finger records.

23. History of Fingerprints • Fingerprints offer an infallible means of personal identification. That is the essential explanation for their having supplanted other methods of establishing the identities of criminals reluctant to admit previous arrests.   • The science of fingerprint Identification stands out among all other forensic sciences for many reasons, including the following:    Has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years to provide accurate identification of criminals. No two fingerprints have ever been found alike in many billions of human and automated computer comparisons.  Fingerprints are the very basis for criminal history foundation at every police agency.

24. Established the first forensic professional organization, the International Association for Identification (IAI), in 1915. Established the first professional certification program for forensic scientists, the IAI's Certified Latent Print Examiner program (in 1977), issuing certification to those meeting stringent criteria and revoking certification for serious errors such as erroneous identifications.  Remains the most commonly used forensic evidence worldwide - in most jurisdictions fingerprint examination cases match or outnumber all other forensic examination casework combined. Continues to expand as the premier method for identifying persons, with tens of thousands of persons added to fingerprint repositories daily in America alone - far outdistancing similar databases in growth. Outperforms DNA and all other human identification systems to identify more murderers, rapists and other serious offenders (fingerprints solve ten times more unknown suspect cases than DNA in most jurisdictions).   

25. Other visible human characteristics change - fingerprints do not. In earlier civilizations, branding and even maiming were used to mark the criminal for what he was. The thief was deprived of the hand which committed the thievery. The Romans employed the tattoo needle to identify and prevent desertion of mercenary soldiers.  • Before the mid-1800s, law enforcement officers with extraordinary visual memories, so-called "camera eyes," identified previously arrested offenders by sight. Photography lessened the burden on memory but was not the answer to the criminal identification problem. Personal appearances change. • Around 1870, a French anthropologist devised a system to measure and record the dimensions of certain bony parts of the body. These measurements were reduced to a formula which, theoretically, would apply only to one person and would not change during his/her adult life.

26. This Bertillon System, named after its inventor, Alphonse Bertillon, was generally accepted for thirty years. But it never recovered from the events of 1903, when a man named Will West was sentenced to the U.S. Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. It was discovered that there was already a prisoner at the penitentiary at the time, whose Bertillon measurements were nearly the same, and his name was William West. • Upon investigation, there were indeed two men who looked exactly alike. Their names were Will and William West respectively. Their Bertillon measurements were close enough to identify them as the same person. However, a fingerprint comparison quickly and correctly identified them as two different people. (Per prison records discovered later, the West men were apparently identical twin brothers and each had a record of correspondence with the same immediate family relatives.)

27. What Are Fingerprints? • All fingers, toes, feet, and palms are covered in small ridges. • These ridges are arranged in connected units called dermal, or friction, ridges. • These ridges help us get or keep our grip on objects. • Natural secretions plus dirt on these surfaces leave behind an impression (a print) on those objects with which we come in contact.

28. What makes a fingerprint? • 1)  Ridge patterns and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated. • 2)  Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form before birth. • 3)  Ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring. • 4)  Friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification. • Identical twins have the same DNA configuration but they do not have identical friction ridge configuration.

29. The skin There are approximately 2,700 ridge "units" per square inch of friction skin. • The Epidermis (E) is stratified (layered),  squamous (flat) epithelial tissue 5 layers thick and... • The Dermis is much thicker than the epidermis and consists of two layers - the Papillary layer (DPL) an area of loose connective tissue extending up into the epidermis as dermal pegs (DP) and the deeper reticular layer (DRL).

30. Formation of Fingerprints • An animal’s external tissue (skin) consists of (a) an inner dermis and (b) an outer epidermis. • The creation of fingerprints occurs in a special layer (the basal layer) in the epidermis where new skin cells are produced. • Fingerprints probably begin forming at the start of the 10th week of pregnancy. • Because the basal layer grows faster than the others, it collapses, forming intricate shapes.

31. There are three main types of fingerprints: visible prints, latent prints and impressed prints. Visible prints are also called patent prints and are left in some medium, like blood, that reveals them to the naked eye. They can be when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface and leave a friction ridge impression that is visible without development. Latent prints are not apparent to the naked eye. They are formed from the sweat from sebaceous glands on the body or water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat. The sweat and fluids create prints must be developed before they can be seen or photographed. They can be made sufficiently visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents. Impressed prints are also called plastic prints and are indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint or another surface that will take the impression. They are visible and can be viewed or photographed without development.

32. Characteristics of Fingerprints • Forensic examiners look for the presence of a core (the center of a whorl or loop) and deltas (triangular regions near a loop). • A ridge count is another characteristic that distinguishes one fingerprint from another. The count is made from the center of the core to the edge of the delta.

33. Key points to fingerprints • Endings, the points at which a ridge stops • Bifurcations, the point at which one ridge divides into two • Dots, very small ridges • Islands, ridges slightly longer than dots, occupying a middle space between two temporarily divergent ridges • Ponds or lakes, empty spaces between two temporarily divergent ridges

34. Spurs, a notch protruding from a ridge Bridges, small ridges joining two longer adjacent ridges Crossovers, two ridges which cross each other The core is the inner point, normally in the middle of the print, around which swirls, loops, or arches center. It is frequently characterized by a ridge ending and several acutely curved ridges. Deltas are the points, normally at the lower left and right hand of the fingerprint, around which a triangular series of ridges center.

36. Fingerprint Forensic FAQs • Can fingerprints be erased? No, if, for example, they are removed with chemicals, they will grow back. • Is fingerprint identification reliable? Yes, but analysts can make mistakes. • Is fingerprint matching carried out by computers in a matter of seconds? No, but the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS or AFIS) can provide a match in 2 hours for the prints in its Master File.

37. Types of prints Arched Looped Whorled 5 % of Pop 65% of Pop 30% of Pop

38. Characteristics of Fingerprints • Basic patterns can be further divided: • Arch patterns can be plain (4%) or tented (1%). • Whorl patterns can be central pocket (2%), double loop (4%), or accidental (0.01%). • Even twins have unique fingerprints due to small differences (called minutiae) in the ridge patterns.

39. 30% of fingerprints are whorled. 4 types of whorled patterns 1. Accidental 2. Plain 3. Double loop whorled 4. Central pocket Whorled Finger prints

40. Looped finger prints • 60-65% • 1. Radial Loop • 2. Ulnar Loop

41. Problems or disease with finger printing

42. Techniques For Lifting a Print

43. Dusting • Used on smooth, non-porous materials. • The area is lightly and carefully dusted with either a black or white powder, depending on the contrasting surface. • The dust is lifted with tape and set against a contrasting background. • The print is preserved via photography. Fingerprint dusting in a lab

44. Iodine Fuming • Suspect material is placed in an enclosed cabinate along with iodine crystals. • The crystals are heated, and will sublimate (turn into a gas vapor). • The vapors cause the prints to visualize. Fingerprint visualized with iodine fuming.

45. Chemical Treatment • Ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate)- this chemical is sprayed onto a porous surface via an aerosol can. Prints begin to visualize an hour or two after application, although the process can be accelerated through heating the print. • Silver nitrate- silver nitrate is sprayed onto the porous surface and left to dry. Then it is exposed to ultraviolet light to visualize the prints. Silver Nitrate spray bottle

46. Superglue Fuming • Used mainly on non-porous materials. • Superglue is placed on cotton and treated with sodium hydroxide. • Fumes can also be created by heating the glue. • The fumes and the object are contained in a closed chamber for up to six hours. • The fumes adhere to the print, visualizing it. Fuming tank

47. Analysis of Prints • Prints are analyzed by looking for points of interest or minutiae. • If 8-16 match points are made, the fingerprints match. • Nowadays a computer can be used to assist this process of matching points. • Known criminals are fingerprinted, and the prints are filed away in a database known as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. If a print is found at a crime scene, investigators look for a match in the database.

48. Fingerprint Forensic FAQs • How are latent fingerprints collected?

49. The Future of Fingerprinting • New scanning technologies and digitally identifying patterns may eliminate analytical mistakes. • Trace elements of objects that have been touched are being studied to help with the identification of individuals. • To help with identification, other physical features such as eyes and facial patterns are also being studied.

50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary • Fingerprints have long been used for identification, and in the mid-1800s were recognized as unique to each person. • Three main groups include arches, whorls, and loops. • Basic analysis includes looking for cores, deltas, and making a ridge count. • Investigators search for patent, plastic, and latent prints. • Dusting with powders or using special chemicals can make latent fingerprints visible. • New developments may eliminate errors by analysts.