Arab- Israeli Conflicts

1. Arab- Israeli Conflicts The Middle East in the Twentieth Century

2. What is the UN? • Before we can begin looking at the Arab-Israeli conflicts, we first need to know about the UN. • The United Nations is a organization of countries around the world.

3. What is the purpose of the UN? • To keep peace throughout the world. • To develop friendly relations between nations. • To work together to help people live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the world, to stop environmental destruction and to encourage respect for each other's rights and freedoms. • To be a center for helping nations achieve these aims.

4. The UN today … • 192 members (countries)-there are new countries that have yet to be recognized like Kosovo. • Headquartered in New York City (with additional offices located throughout the world) – however, land and buildings of UN international territory • Has its own flag, own post office, and own postage stamps • United Nations Day – Oct. 24 – celebrated around the world.

5. Brief history of the UN … • 2nd attempt at world organization to maintain peace (1st attempt – League of Nations – it ceased to exist when it failed to prevent WWII) • 1945 – 51 original members • Met in San Francisco to write charter • Officially came into existence Oct. 24, 1945, when ratified by majority of 51 members (included US, United Kingdom, China, France to name a few)

7. Questions-Pair Share-Draw • Describe the United Nations. • Draw an advertisement for the United nations. Include what services and who they help.

8. Words to Know • Anti-Semitism • Mandate • Nazi Party • Holocaust • Palestine • Zionism • Israel • Arabs 9.Palestinians 10. PLO 11. Six Day War 12. Yom Kippur War 13. War for Israeli Independence 14. OPEC 15.Saddem Hussein

9. More Words to Know 16. Gulf War 17. September 11 18. Al-Qaeda 19. Osama bin Laden 20. War on Terror 21. Afghanistan 22. Invasion of Iraq

10. Create a KWL Chart

11. Change in the Middle East • Anti-Semitism –against the Jewish people has existed in Europe for 100’s of years. • Germany was the most tolerant and many Jews immigrated there.

12. After World War I • Germany was forced to accept responsibility for the war and humiliated by harsh sanctions. • Germans were looking for someone to blame. • Adolph Hitler took advantage of the climate and blamed the Jews. He created the Nazi Party. In 1933, he became the leader of Germany.

13. The Holocaust • Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 beginning WWII. • He launched a plan to destroy the Jewish people. • More than 6 million people most Jews, were executed or died from torture in concentration camps. • This was called The Holocaust. The Holocaust ended in 1945.

14. Notes-Draw these charts in your Notebook

15. Finish KWL Chart

16. Zionism & the Modern State of Israel • Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain controlled the region called Palestine. This was through mandate-or international agreement. • This lasted from 1922-1948. • During this time Zionism grew in the region. ZIONISM-the desire for a Jewish homeland. • Zionists wanted Palestine to become a Jewish state.

17. Zionism in Motion

18. What do we do??? • After the Holocaust, Zionism had increased in the region. • This caused many issues between the Palestinians and Jews living in the area. • Great Britain was tired of dealing with the problems that this caused and gave the control of the area to the United Nations in 1947.

19. Jerusalem would remain international. Why do you think this would be important? UN’s Plan of Partition 1947 • The UN’s proposal was to divide Palestine into two parts – one Arab and the other Jewish. • Jews accepted this decision but Palestinians and Arabs did not. • In fact, they vowed to do anything necessary to prevent the UN plan from being carried out.

20. Consider This….. • How would you feel if the United Nations decided to divide the region where you live? • What would you have done if you were Great Britain's leader

21. Arab-Israeli Wars Begin • On May 14th, 1948, the State of Israel was established. • That same night, with the attack of combined Arab forces (Egypt,, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon), the Israeli War for Independence ( first war) began.

22. 1st Arab-Israeli War The war lasted 8 months and resulted in Jews succeeding in defending their land AND taking the land that the Palestinians had been offered by the UN. The rest of the proposed Palestinian land was divided among Israel’s Arab neighbors. Egypt took the Gaza Strip. Jordan took the area on the West Bank of Jordan River. Thus, the Palestinians were left without any land of their own.

23. What Happens Next???? • Neither Arabs or Israelis wanted the Palestinians. • They were forced to live in tent cities around the borders. • Conditions were horrible, Palestinian attitudes grew more and more bitter, thus, these cities became perfect breeding cities grounds for terrorism. • From this displacement grew The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led by Yassar Arafat. Their goal is the destruction of Israel.

24. 2nd War • Israel became an active member of the UN. However, Arab nations still refused to recognize Israel as a valid country. This region suffered through many wars and skirmishes. • In 1956, Egypt cut off Israel’s only outlet to the Red Sea. The Israelis attacked, resulting in The Suez War.

25. 6 Day War • 1966-Six Day War-Egypt, Syria and Jordan declare war on Israel. Israel wins! • The Arabs were unhappy with the outcome of the war and led a terrorist attack at the 1972 Munich Olympic games killing 11 Israeli athletes.

26. Yom Kippur War • 1973-Yom Kippur War-Egypt and Syria launch a war on a Jewish holiday. However, once again Israel prevailed! • Within 2 days, Israel had pushed back both invaders! They had crossed the Suez Canal and gotten within 65 miles of Egypt’s capital, Cairo. • And, they had recaptured Golan Heights and gotten within 35 miles of Syrian’s capital. • On Oct. 24th, the 3 countries agreed to a cease-fire (organized by the UN)

27. Lets Sum It Up

28. Peace Talks • For years, Egypt lead the fights against Israel. • Egyptian President Gamal Abel Nassar inspired Arabs to fight. • 1977 the new President of Egypt Anwar Sadat visited Israel to talk peace. • 1978 Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter(US) and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin met at Camp David Accords

29. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter invited Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel to Camp David to discuss terms of peace. A peace treaty was signed. In this treaty, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for Egypt’s acceptance of Israel’s existence. Anwar Sadat of Egypt Menachem Begin of Israel Mr. Sadat, President Jimmy Carter, and Mr. Begin However, Mr. Sadat paid a price for his agreement…his life! Muslim extremists later assassinated him.

30. President Bill Clinton Yasir Arafat, Palestinian leader Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli Prime Minister

31. 1993 Peace Talks • However, this treaty did not end terrorism. Frequent Palestinian attacks eventually led Israel to invade Lebanon in 1982. • The 1990’s brought little improvement. Although a peace agreement was signed in 1993, which allowed for Palestinian self-rule violence continued. • This agreement called for a 5-year plan. Palestinians would gradually be handed the administration of the West Bank and Gaza, and continue to negotiate a permanent peace treaty to settle on the final status of the occupied territories.

32. More Efforts at Peace • Since 1978, more efforts to create peace in the region have been attempted by several United States presidents: Bill Clinton and George Bush. • The disputes that divide Arabs and Israelis are rooted deeply in religion, land and honor.

33. Famous Peacekeepers • Golda Meir was the first female Prime Minister of Israel and was in power during the Yom Kippur War. • Yitzhak Rabin, another Israeli Prime Minister was assassinated for attempting to negotiate with Arabs and Palestinians. Golda Meir Yitzhak Rabin

34. The Conflict Continues • In 1994, Israeli extremist attacked and killed 29 Palestinians in a Muslim mosque. • In 1995, another Jewish extremist assassinated Yitzhak Rabin. • Palestinian terrorist groups, such as Hamas, have continued with large and small scale suicide bombings aimed at Israeli civilian and military targets. • Recent years have still not shown any improvement. Israelis blame Palestinians for violent attacks. Palestinians blame Israel for violent “clampdowns” on their rights, killing of civilians, and assassinations of top leaders.

35. Israel Today • Today many countries continue to threaten Israel. • Often they are attacked by radical terrorist groups, dedicated to destroying Israel. • More than 60 years later, disputes over Israel continue to cause violence in the Middle East.

36. West Bank and Gaza Strip today Note the location of Israeli control and Palestinian control! Dark green – Palestinian authority Light green – Palestine responsible for social and civil services only Yellow – Israeli control Purple – Jewish settlements Orange – Israeli military bases www.maps101.com

37. Peaceful Notes???

38. Oil in the Middle East • Oil is the most profitable natural resource in the Middle East. • Since most countries need oil for transportation, the Middle East affects many economies. • Oil makes the Middle East important and gives them much influence world wide. • The Middle East sometimes uses oil as a weapon.

39. Oil and Everyday LifeOil is used in many everyday objects - more than you may have ever imagined. http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/uses/uses_home.html

40. What the HECK is OPEC???? • Founded in 1960, OPEC is an organization of oil producing countries. • OPEC is a association of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela

41. How OPEC Affects the U.S. To punish supporters of Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Arabs placed an embargo on oil. Result – severe gasoline shortage and increase in gas prices!

42. How Does Oil Distribution Affect the Middle East??? Countries with oil usually have a higher standard of living, are usually more developed, have an highly developed infrastructure and high literacy rates

43. YOUR NOTES ON OIL!!!!

44. How did the US get INVOLVED??? • After WWII, the United States was involved in a “Cold War” with the Soviet Union. Even though we worked together there was no trust. • The US was worried that the Soviets wanted to spread communism.

45. What is the Eisenhower Doctrine???? • 34th President Eisenhower ( 1953-1961) was worried that communism would spread and allowed the CIA to become involved in Iran and later Lebanon. • The U.S. would do whatever necessary to stop the spread of Communism. Eisenhower Doctrine

46. 1979 Iranian Revolution • The United States had helped restore the Shah (leader) to power. ( To gain open access to oil). • Iranian Revolution forced the Shah from power ( he left the country) and he was replaced by a religious leader the Ayatollah Khomeini. • Iranian radicals stormed the US embassy and took US citizens hostage. • They demanded that President Carter return the shah to them in exchange for the hostages.

47. The Persian Gulf War-Lasted 42 days • In 1990, Iraq invaded the small oil rich nation of Kuwait. • Saddam Hussein claimed that the territory belonged to Iraq-he wanted their huge oil fields for Iraq. • The United States and UN alliance demanded that Iraq withdraw and invaded the territory and pushed Saddam out of Kuwait.

48. September 11, 2001 • On 9/11/2001 Muslim terrorists (primarily from Saudi Arabia) hijacked four planes and crashed them into the Twin Towers in New York, the Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania. • The terrorist group Al-Qaeda, has claimed responsibility for 9/11.

49. Osama bin Laden What does Al-Qaeda Want? • This radical group that began in the late 1970’s wants to advance a fundamental form of Islam, expel foreigners from the Middle East, over throw corrupt governments and destruction of any state that helps corrupt governments. • They hope to destroy Israel, the United States and other Western powers.

50. War on Terror • George Bush Jr. declared a U.S. War on Terror and stated that the US would go after terrorists rather than waiting for them to attack again. • The U.S. and other forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, they took over threw the Taliban • ( because they were helping Osama bin Laden)