History 336

1. History 336 Ideas and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Debate about Gender and Identity

2. Power, Colonialism, Querelle • How can we understand power in terms of gender? • Wiesner-Hanks writes: “Every aspect of the process of colonization was gendered” (p. 307). How was this the case? • What were the main features of the querelle des femmes?

3. How can we understand power in terms of gender? • power: formal and informal (p. 277), public and private • women as rulers • against: John Knox, The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558) • against: Jean Bodin, Six Books of the Republic (1576) • against: Robert Filmer, Patriarcha (1680) • for: Thomas Smith, De RepublicaAnglorum: The Maner of Government or Policie of the Realme of England (1583) • for: John Aylmer, Harborowe for Faithfull and TreweSubjectes (1559)

4. How can we understand power in terms of gender? • authority of husbands • effect of Protestantism • citizenship: excluding women • an unsuccessful argument: the household as public sphere • France: lettres de cachet: arbitrary arrest • domestic violence and the double standard

5. How can we understand power in terms of gender? • power and action • petitions (p. 286) for rights and male disdain • petitions on economic matters • riots / protests • rebellions and subjection to husbands • political power and theory • expansion of vote to a few more men • political thought of John Locke (1632-1704), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

6. How can we understand power in terms of gender? • problems for men • competition: anxiety and violence • the “effeminate” man • the effeminate French • marriage and the “true man” (p. 294) • disorderly women • women who were “outside of the social structure and unruly and unreasonable” (p. 296) • “the derivative nature of an adult woman’s authority” (p. 298)

7. Gender in the Colonial WorldWilliam Blake,“Europe supported by African and America”Wiesner-Hanks writes: “Every aspect of the process of colonization was gendered” (p. 307). How was this the case?

8. The gendering of the colonial experience • feminization of land and indigenous peoples • masculine colonialists • importation of women from Europe • Spain: married women • France: unmarried filles du roi

9. The gendering of the colonial experience • mix of Europeans and indigenous peoples • “sexual arrangements” (p. 313) of European men • “irregular unions” and “concubinage” • Catholic colonies • recogimientos • hierarchy in convents (p. 315) • Saint Rose of Lima (1586-1617) • nuns in New France (1%): cloistered Ursulines, uncloistered Congregation of Notre Dame: Marguerite Bourgeoys (1620-1700)

10. The gendering of the colonial experience • Protestant women: came with families • interracial unions / relations • legislation against unions since 1660s • exception: Dutch and British in Asia (East Indies) • enslavement, sexual violence (p. 320) • Climate theory and women • racial difference and gender • whiteness of women • white women who bear children of colour

11. What were the main features of the querelle des femmes? • “a battle of pens” (p. 28) carried on by “women of the higher ranks” (p. 7)  “political conservatism” (p. 27) • the elaboration of “the first feminist theory” (p. 6) • polemical opposition to misogyny • conception of gender: “the sexes are culturally, and not just biologically, formed” (p. 7) • “a universalist outlook”—The women who engaged in the querelle “stood for a truly general conception of humanity” (p. 7).

12. What were the main features of the querelle des femmes? • originated with Christine de Pisan’sCity of Ladies (1405): “the first analysis of the sexual bias of culture” (p. 14) • realization of “male competitiveness” (p. 15) as a driving force for contempt of women • “Feminists attacked not men but misogyny and male bias in the literature culture” (p. 19). Will your research confirm this view?

13. What were the main features of the querelle des femmes? • twofold strategy • increase awareness of female power • revise history with its male bias to show that male bias was an historical development and that female power was ancient • Mary Astell (1666-1731) • critique of marriage • assertion of equality between the sexes vs. biblical claims

14. History 336 Primary Source reading: Vives Marinella Suchon Poullain

15. Questions to consider • What passages strike you as historically significant? Mark them and write them down. • What positions on women and gender does a given primary source take on women and gender? How does the author support these positions? • Can you formulate at least one historical question based on the assigned reading to start a larger discussion? • Can you find a few secondary sources (and other primary sources) by using the library catalogue and databases that will help you answer your historical question? • Can you think of any current news stories that relate to women and gender?

16. Advantages of these questions • Identifying historically significant passages will help you hone your analytical skills in preparation for the second paper. • The same goes for identifying the positions that authors take on women and gender and the ways in which they support their positions. • Devising historical questions will give you important practice for devising the historical question that will drive your second paper. • Finding secondary and primary sources will get you into the habit of conducting the preliminary research necessary for your second paper. • If you are aware of current problems that involve women and gender, you can think about continuities and discontinuities with the early modern period.

17. Recent news items • BBC, 24 January 2013: “Pentagon ends ban on women in frontline combat” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21172033 • CBC, 25 January 2013: “Unmarried Quebec couples have no right to alimony, court rules” http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2013/01/25/supreme-court-ruling-eric-vs-lola-quebec-civil-code.html