English and American Literature & Selected Readings

1. English and American Literature & Selected Readings ：魏晓红 :weixiaohonghd@163.com : 13931098970

2. An Overview of the 18th Literature the Development of Poetry Pope, Blake, Burns pre-romanticists Blake, Burns the Prosperity of Prose Steele, Addison, Swift classicism: classicists Pope, Steele, Addison The Enlightenment the Rising of Novels Defoe, Fielding, Smollett realism: realists the Decline of Drama Goldsmith, Sheridan sentimentalism: sentimentalists Gray, Sheridan

3. Part 4: The Eighteenth Century Contents Sentimentalism Pre-romanticism Blake, Songs Burns, Red Rose

4. Sentimentalism

5. Sentimentalism in Poetry （p.192） the classicism— enlighteners— Pope—heroic couplet the first half of the 18th century the middle of the 18th century sentimentalism the latter half of the 18th century pre-romanticism

6. Definition of “Sentimentalism” 《自主学习与实践》p.24

7. Features of Sentimental Writings discontent with the social reality struggle against feudalism sense the contradictions dissatisfied with reason 1) sentiment 2) countryside for the material 3) sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants simple annals(历史记载)of the poor, still in a classical style

8. Representatives of Sentimentalism • Thomas Gray 托马斯·格雷 • William Cowper 威廉·柯伯 • George Crabbe 乔治·格拉伯

9. Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷(1716—1771)p.192

10. Gray’s MasterpieceElegy Written in a Country Churchyard Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》 a mode of sentimentalist poetry a keen interest in the English countryside and a sincere feeling for the life of common people

11. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. 晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧。 The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea; 牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落； The plowman homeward plods his weary way. 耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄。 And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 把整个世界给了黄昏与我。

12. William Cowper威廉·柯伯(1731—1800)

13. William Cowper • William Cowper’s The Task《任务》is a long poem written in blank verse. • It is well-known for its description of country scenes, of woods and brooks, of plowmen and teamsters(卡车司机) and the letter-carrier on his rounds(周围).

14. George Crabbe 乔治·格拉伯(1754—1832)

15. George Crabbe The Village • Crabbe’s masterpiece is ____________ , a realistic picture of the English ___________. • Crabbe is called “a Pope in worsted stockings.” (a person with strong scholarly or literary interests) peasants 毛袜子

16. Other Sentimentalist Poets 1) James Thompson汤姆逊 • Seasons《四季》 2) Edward Young扬格 • Night Thoughts 《夜思》 3) William Collins科林斯 • To Simplicity《致纯朴》, • The Passions《致情感》, • To Evening《夜颂》

17. Pre-Romanticism

18. Definition of “Pre-Romanticism” 《简史》p. 193(《自主学习与实践》pp.21-2)

19. Pre-Romanticists p.193 • Romantic Revival arose in the latter half of the 18th century, against Classicism. • The pre-romantic poetry was ushered (introduced) by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton and represented by Blake and Burns.

20. Pre-Romanticists Thomas Percy珀西: Reliques of Ancient English Poetry 《英诗辑古》1765 James Macpherson 麦克诽森: Fingal《芬哥儿》1762 hastened the decline of classicism and the revival of romanticism Thomas Chatterton 查特顿: The Rowler Papers 《罗利诗篇》

21. Chapter 14 William Blake 威廉·布莱克 (1757 - 1827)

22. William Blake (1757—1827) Student’s Presentation

23. Features of W. Blake’s Poems Early attempts at poetry: p.195 Spenserian stanza, Shakespearean, Miltonic blank verse,the ballad form, lyric metres contempt for the rule of reason —opposed to the classicism

24. Features of Blake’s poems • Blake’s poems seem easybut difficult to understand for his mysterious images and symbols, unless versed in ( skilled at ) religious knowledge. • Blake’s poems are full of emotion and apparent presentation of his progressive democratic idea in symbolism.

25. Representatives • Songs of Innocence 1789 • 《天真之歌》 • Songs of Experience 1794 • 《经验之歌》 • The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 1790 • 《天堂与地狱的婚姻》

26. Discussion An Analysis of Blake’s Song of Innocence. pp.197-201

27. Songs of Innocence p.197 • It was written for children. • Everything in the poem seems to be in harmony. • But The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper in the collection show the racial discrimination and suffering.

28. Songs of Innocence "Mother bore me in the southern wild, And I am black, but O! my soul is white; White as an angel is the English child, But I am black, as if bereav'd of light" ("The Little Black Boy") 我妈妈生我在南方荒凉的地方， 我黑，可是啊！我的灵魂洁白； 白得像天使的是英国人的孩子， 可我黑，黑得好像失去了光彩。 （“黑人小孩”） discrimination

29. Songs of Innocence "When my mother died, I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarce cry 'weep, weep, weep, weep,' So young chimneys I sweep and in soot I sleep." ("The Chimney Sweeper") 我妈死去的时候我还很小， 我爸卖了我，那时我的小嘴 还叫不出“扫，扫，扫，扫，” 于是你的烟囱我扫，烟灰里我睡。 （“扫烟囱的孩子”） suffering

30. Discussion An Analysis of Blake’s Song of Experience.

31. Songs of Experience • The contrast between "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" is of great significance, which marks a progress in the poet's outlook on life. • His experience in the later years had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people's life.

32. Against the current of the capitalist world: Thou hast a lap full of seed And this is a fine country: Why dost thou not cast thy seed And live in it merrily? 你有一个装满种子的裙兜， 这是个美好的邦国： 为什么你不抛撒种子， 欢乐地在其间生活？

33. Against the current of the capitalist world: Shall I cast it on the sand And turn it into fruitful land? For on no other ground Can I sow my seed Without tearing up Some stinking weed. 因为没别的地面 能让我播下种子 而无需拔掉 显见的杂草。 （“你有一个装满种子的裙兜”写于1793年） 可让我把它们播于沙地， 把它变为富饶的土地？

34. A laughing child upon a cloud the lapsed Soul weeping in the evening dew “呼唤迷失的灵魂,哭泣而涕下夜间的露水(汗、泪)” Is this a holy thing to see In a rich and fruitful land, Babes reduc'd to misery, Fed with cold and usurous hand? Holy Thursday升天节 难道这能算是至善， 在富饶多产的土地上— 婴儿的境遇悲惨， 被冰冷的放债的手抚养？

35. Holy Thursday 升天节 Is that trembling cry a song? Can it be a song of joy? And so many children poor? It is a land of poverty! 那嘶哭能算是歌声？ 能算是欢乐的歌声？ 那么多孩子不幸啊， 那是块贫瘠的土地！ white passion （真实的情感）

36. Holy Thursday （升天节） And their sun does never shine, And their Fields are bleak and bare, And their ways are fill's with thorns: It is eternal winter there. 那里见不着阳光 土地荒芜不毛， 道路为荆棘所网： 冰雪四季不清。 white passion （真实的情感）

37. hate of the church and the clergy “A Little Boy Lost”： “少年之失” The priest sat by and heard the child, In trembling zeal he seiz'd his hair: He led by his little coat, And all admir'd the Priestly care. 神父坐在他旁边谛听， 激动地抓住他的头发： 他拽着小外衣揪牢这孩子， 大家都佩服这神父的心机。

38. The attack of the religious persecution The weeping child could not be heard, The weeping parents weeping in vain; They strip'd him to his little shirt, And bound him in an iron chain; 听不见哭着的孩子的声音， 哭着的双亲枉然地哭泣； 他被剥得只剩一件小衬衣， 被用一根铁链子捆起；

39. The attack of the religious persecution And burn'd him in a holy place, Where many had been burn'd before: The weeping parents wept in vain. Are such things done on Albion's shore? 在一处圣地他被焚烧， 从前那焚烧过多人： 哭着的双亲枉然地哭泣。 这种事阿尔比思（英格兰的古称）海岸有吗？ （“少年之失”）

40. Discussion An Analysis of Blake’s The Marriage of Heaven and Hell p. 200

41. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell • The prose work shows Blake’s spirit of revolt against oppression. • He maintains liberty against the law of bourgeois society. • One central idea is his denial of the authority of injustice.

42. Proverbs of Hell "In seed time learn, in harvest teach, in winter enjoy." “播种时节学习，收获时节教诲，冬天享乐。” "The busy bee has no time for sorrow." “忙碌的蜜蜂没有时间去悲伤。” "He who desires but acts not, breeds pestilence." “有所欲求而无所行动，就会滋生邪念。” "The most sublime act is to set another before you." “最崇高的行为是先人后己。”

43. Proverbs of Hell • If the fool would persist in his folly he would become wise. • 傻子如果坚持自己的愚蠢，就会变得聪明起来。 • Eternity is in love with the productions of time. • 永恒寓于爱之中，带着时间的成果。 • Prisons are built with stones of Law, Brothels with bricks of Religion. • 监狱用法律之石建造，妓院用宗教之砖砌成。

44. Proverbs of Hell • What is now proved was once only imagined. • 现在得到证实的事情曾经只是幻想。 • As the caterpillar chooses the fairest leaves to lay her eggs on, so the priest lays his curse on the fairest joys. • 正如毛虫选择最美丽的叶子产卵一样，神父选择最美妙的欢乐今宵诅咒。

45. Proverbs of Hell "Improvement makes straight roads, but the crooked roads without Improvement are roads of Genius." “改良带来了笔直的道路， 但未获改良的弯曲小路是天才之路。”

46. An Analysis of “The Tyger” Homework Autonomous Learning and Practice pp. 98-100

47. Questions How to comment on Blake?

48. Comments on Blake p.201 1) Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century. 2) His poems were full of romantic spirit, imagery symbolism and revolutionary spirit. He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.

49. Chapter 15 Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796)

50. Student’s Presentation Group Work