ITU-T - Numbering, Naming and Addressing – The Issues

1. ITU-T - Numbering, Naming and Addressing – The Issues Roy Blane Chairman ITU-T Study Group 2 (Operational aspects of service provision, networks and performance) presented to the 8th ART Conference on behalf of International Telecommunication Union

2. Some Background • What is the ITU? • What are the outputs of the ITU? • What is the relationship between ITU and ICANN • Where does ITU-T Study Group 2 Figure in the ongoing action?

3. What is the ITU? • International treaty organization founded in 1865 to facilitate international interconnection of telegraphy • Unique partnership of industry and governments • Three sectors: • Development (aid to developing countries) • Radiocommunications (formerly CCIR,radio spectrum and satellite slot allocations, now called ITU-R) • Standardization (formerly CCITT, for example modem standards, now called ITU-T; secretariat is called TSB) • In ITU-T industry and government work together to develop mutually agreed non-binding Recommendations

4. How does ITU-T Develop Recommendations? • Consensus of Sector Members and Member States • Work typically driven by Sector Members • Open (for members), transparent, bottom-up process • Sensitive to national sovereignty: will only cover matters not considered to be national • Will not impose contractual terms or operating rules on private companies Recommendations are not binding, but tend to be followed because they represent a true consensus.

5. ITU-T Recommendations

6. An example of ITU-T work ENUM is an IETF protocol for mapping telephone numbers into the DNS. IETF asked ITU to facilitate government approval of ENUM implementations, given that telephony is still regulated in most countries • No real technical issues • Complex regulatory issues • After considerable discussion, most determined to be national matters • Under agreed procedures • RIPE NCC will ask TSB if country approves ENUM delegation request • If yes, it proceeds • If no or no answer from country, it does not proceed (TSB objects) • TSB does not itself evaluate requests in any way. RIPE NCC checks technical aspects of requests See http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/inr/enum/index.html

7. Misperceptions of ITU-T The ITU-T does not do the following: • World-wide regulation • Consider issues that are national matters • Binding recommendations • Top-down decisions • Impose contractual terms or operating rules on private companies • Work in non-transparent ways • Act bureaucratically • Have staff that decides policies • Collect fees other than membership fees (with the exception of minor cost-recovery activities)

8. ICANN Reform – Some Issues The President of ICANN has stated that ICANN cannot fulfill its mission and has called for reform, and has called for: • Greater government involvement • Increased funding Among the specific problems identified, we mention: • ICANN has been too slow to address and resolve issues • ICANN lacks clear, stable, and accepted processes and procedures • ICANN has not yet created an adequate industry-government partnership

9. The ITU and ICANN Relationship? • If not ICANN then who else? • How can the ITU and ICANN Best Work Together?

10. Recent ITU developments • ITU Plenipotentiary Conference – Marrakech (23rd September – 18th October 2002) • Resolutions which will have some bearing on the work of ICANN

11. ITU PP-02 Related Resolutions • Strengthening the role of ITU in information and communication network security • Role of administrations of Member States in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain names • Management of Internet domain names and addresses

12. Strengthening the role of ITU in information and communication network security The Plenipotentiary Conference of the International Telecommunication Union (Marrakesh, 2002), considering that with the application and development of information and communication technologies (ICT), information and communication networks have given rise to ever-growing security challenges, recognizing that the application and development of ICT has been instrumental in the growth and development of the global economy, aware a) that the global interconnection of information and communication networks requires increased cooperation among governments and the private sector in respect of these systems and networks; b) that ITU and other international bodies and organizations, through a variety of activities, are examining issues related to information and communication network security; c) that Study Group 17 of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector and other ITU study groups are working on information and communication network security,

13. Strengthening the role of ITU in information and communication network security (continued) noting a) that, as an intergovernmental organization with participation by the private sector, ITU is positioned to help to address information and communication network security, and therefore should play an active role in this regard; b) that ITU should build on its technical expertise in discussions on information and communication network security, resolves to strengthen the role of ITU in information and communication network security, instructs the Secretary-General and the Directors of the Bureaux 1 to review ITU's current activities in information and communication network security; 2 to intensify work within existing ITU study groups in order to: a) reach a common understanding on the importance of information and communication network security by studying standards on technologies, products and services with a view to developing recommendations, as appropriate;

14. Strengthening the role of ITU in information and communication network security (continued) b) seek ways to enhance exchange of technical information in the field of information and communication network security, and promote cooperation among appropriate entities; • report on the result of these studies annually to the ITU Council, invites ITU Member States and Sector Members to participate actively in the ongoing work ofthe relevant ITU study groups.

15. Role of administrations of Member States in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain names The Plenipotentiary Conference of the International Telecommunication Union (Marrakesh, 2002), bearing in mind Resolution 102 (Rev. Marrakesh, 2002) of this conference regarding the management of Internet domain names and addresses, aware a) of the rapid developments towards the convergence of telecommunications and the Internet; b) that Internet users are generally more comfortable reading or browsing through texts in their own language, c) that there are challenges of intellectual property associated with the use of internationalized domain names and addresses; noting a) that it is estimated that in the coming years the majority of Internet users will prefer to conduct online activities in their own language; b) that the current domain name system mapping does not reflect the growing language needs of all users,

16. Role of administrations of Member States in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain names(Continued) emphasizing a) that the future management of the registration and allocation of Internet domain names and addresses must fully reflect the geographical and functional nature of the Internet, taking into account an equitable balance of interests of all stakeholders, in particular of administrations, businesses and consumers; b) that Internet domain names and addresses, and more generally the Internet and global information networks, must be widely accessible to all citizens without regard to gender, race, religion or country of residence; c) that the methods of allocation of Internet domain names and addresses should not privilege any country or region of the world to the detriment of others; d) that the management of the Internet domain names and addresses are a subject of concern for both governments and the private sector; e) the need for ITU to assist its Member States to promote the use of their languages for domain names and addresses, recognizing a) the existing role and sovereignty of ITU Member States with respect to allocation and management of their respective country code numbering resources;

17. Role of administrations of Member States in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain names(Continued) recognizing b) the role of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in guarding against misuse of intellectual property rights in the use of Member States' languages for domain names and addresses; c) that ITU enjoys close cooperation with WIPO, resolves to instruct the Secretary-General 1 to take an active part in all international discussions and initiatives on the management of Internet domain names and addresses; 2 to take any necessary action to ensure the sovereignty of ITU Member States with regard to country code numbering plans and addresses will be fully maintained, as enshrined in Recommendation E.164 of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector, in whatever application they are used; 3 to promote effectively the role of Member States in the internationalization of domain names and address of their respective languages; 4 to report annually to the Council on the activities undertaken on this subject; 5 to bring this resolution to the attention of WIPO, stressing the concerns and requests for assistance of Member States with regard to internationalized (multilingual) domain names and addresses,

18. Role of administrations of Member States in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain names (Continued) instructs the Council to take appropriate measures in order to support the above-mentioned international discussions and initiatives, invites Member States 1 to participate actively, as far as possible, in the various international discussions on this matter, and to relay their views to the Secretary-General in regard to this work; 2 to increase awareness at national level among all interested non-governmental parties, and to encourage their participation in the entities managing internationalized domain names and addresses.

19. Management of Internet domain names and addresses The Plenipotentiary Conference of the International Telecommunication Union ( Marrakesh, 2002), aware that the purposes of the Union are, inter alia, to promote, at the international level, the adoption of a broad approach to the issues of telecommunications in the global information economy and society, to promote the extension of the benefits of new telecommunication technologies to all the world's inhabitants and to harmonize the efforts of Member States and Sector Members in the attainment of those ends, considering a) that advances in the global information infrastructure, including the development of Internet Protocol (IP)‑based networks and especially the Internet, are of crucial importance as an important engine for growth in the world economy in the twenty‑first century; b) that the private sector is playing a very important role in the expansion and development of the Internet, for example through investments in infrastructures and services; c) that the development of the Internet is essentially market‑led and driven by private and government initiatives;

20. Management of Internet domain names and addresses(Continued) • that the management of the registration and allocation of Internet domain names and addresses must fully reflect the geographical and functional nature of the Internet, taking into account an equitable balance of interests of all stakeholders; e) that Internet domain names and addresses, and more generally the Internet and global information networks, must be widely accessible to all citizens without regard to gender, race, religion or country of residence; f) that the methods of allocation of Internet domain names and addresses should not privilege any country or region of the world to the detriment of others; g) that the management of the Internet is a subject of valid international interest and must flow from full international cooperation; h) that the expanding use of the Internet is expected to lead to the need for an increased capacity of IP addresses; i) that Member States represent the interests of the population of the country or territory for which a country code top-level domain (ccTLD) has been delegated; j) that Member States should play an active role in coordinating the resolution of management and administrative constraints arising with respect to their ccTLDs,

21. Management of Internet domain names and addresses (Continued) recognizing a) that ITU is dealing with issues related to IP‑based networks in general and the Internet in particular; b) that ITU performs worldwide coordination of a number of name and address allocation systems and acts as a forum for policy discussion in this area; c) that ITU can play a positive role by offering a platform for encouraging discussions, and for the dissemination of information, particularly to developing country governments, on the management of Internet domain names and addresses; • that through international cooperation, ITU should contribute to policy development related to the management of Internet domain names and addresses, emphasizing a) that the management of Internet domain names and addresses includes: • technical and coordination tasks, for which technical private bodies can be responsible, and; • public interest matters (for example, stability, security, freedom of use, protection of individual rights, sovereignty, competition rules and equal access for all), for which governments or intergovernmental organizations are responsible and to which qualified international organizations contribute;

22. Management of Internet domain names and addresses (Continued) emphasizing (continued) b) that the methods of allocation of global and essential resources such as Internet domain names and addresses are of interest to both governments and the private sector; c) that the role of governments is to provide a clear, consistent and predictable legal framework, to promote a favourable environment in which global information networks are interoperable and widely accessible to all citizens, and to ensure adequate protection of public interests in the management of Internet domain names and addresses; d) that it is in the public interest that the system that manages Internet domain names and addresses has transparent rules and procedures, including dispute resolution procedures to facilitate the protection of intellectual property rights; e) that governments are expected to promote, as appropriate, a fair competitive environment among companies or organizations responsible for Internet resource allocation,

23. Management of Internet domain names and addresses (Continued) instructs the Secretary‑General 1to take a significant role in international discussions and initiatives on the management of Internet domain names and addresses, taking into account associated developments and the purposes of the Union; 2 to encourage all Member States to participate in the discussions on international management of Internet domain names and addresses, so that worldwide representation in the debates can be ensured; 3 to liaise and to cooperate, in conjunction with the Bureaux, with the regional telecommunication organizations pursuant to this resolution; 4 to provide assistance, in conjunction with the Bureaux, to Member States, if so requested, in order to achieve their stated policy objectives with respect to the management of Internet domain names and addresses; 5 to report annually to the Council on the activities undertaken on this subject,

24. Management of Internet domain names and addresses (Continued) instructs the Director of the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau 1 to continue to liaise and to cooperate with appropriate entities on relevant Internet domain name and address management issues, such as the transition to IP Version 6 (IPv6), ENUM, and internationalized domain names (IDN); 2 to work with Member States and Sector Members, recognizing the activities of other appropriate entities, to review Member States' ccTLD and other related experiences; 3 to work with Member States and Sector Members, recognizing the activities of other appropriate entities, to develop a recommendation to clarify the management of the domain ".int"; • to report annually to the Council on the activities undertaken on this subject, instructs the Director of the Telecommunication Development Bureau 1 to organize international and regional forums, in conjunction with appropriate entities, for the period 2002-2006, to discuss policy, operational and technical issues on the Internet in general and the management of Internet domain names and addresses in particular for the benefit of Member States, especially for least developed countries; 2 to report annually to the Council on the activities undertaken on this subject,

25. Management of Internet domain names and addresses (Continued) instructs the Director of the Telecommunication Development Bureau (Continued) 2 to report annually to the Council on the activities undertaken on this subject, instructs the Council to take appropriate measures in order to contribute actively to international discussions and initiatives related to the management of Internet domain names and addresses, invites Member States 1 to participate actively in the discussions on the management of Internet domain names and addresses and notably on progress being made in pursuit of their policy objectives; 2 to participate in and follow the policy, operational and technical developments of the management of Internet domain names and addresses; 3 to increase awareness at national level among all appropriate entities, and to encourage their participation in the management of Internet domain names and addresses.

26. What does the ITU provide? • ITU already cooperates with ICANN, at the Board of Directors and through PSO and GAC • ITU-T working methods are fast and efficient: for example, 190 Recommendations have been approved under Alternative Approval Process in 2001, more than 60% in less than 2 months (ex. E.129, Representation of national numbering plans) • ITU membership has increased in the private sector • Non-government (non-profit) organizations can apply for ITU membership

27. What does the ITU provide? • ITU-T is a dynamic, well-respected industry-government partnership (650 Sector Members) • Examples of ITU-T Recommendations: • G.723.1 & G.729 - Speech coding for Voice over IP and other applications • H.323 - Packet based multimedia communication systems - the protocols behind Voice over IP, along with: • H.245 - Control protocol for multimedia communications • H.248 - Gateway control protocol (developed jointly with IETF) • X.509 - Public-key encryption • V.90 - 56kbit/s PSTN modems - providing ubiquitous worldwide internet access • G.99x series - xDSL Recommendations for broadband access

28. What does the ITU provide ?ITU-T–Electronic Publishing • All Recommendations available online • Key databases (for example, telephone country codes) available online • Working documents available online See http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/

29. What does the ITU provide? • ITU participation and coordination do not imply ITU control or government control. • A good example is the international telephone numbering scheme, which is coordinated by ITU-T and is universally considered to work to the satisfaction of the general public; however, telephone services are not controlled by ITU-T and are provided by private companies

30. Conclusions • ITU-T could help ICANN to achieve the government consensus that appears to be missing today, by using ITU-T’s well-proven processes and procedures.