Exploration & Colonization

1. Exploration & Colonization

2. I. Development of the American Colonies • 1. Types of charters A. Royal 1. Controlled by the “Crown” 2. Completely and entirely for the profit of the Monarch in power.

3. B. Proprietary 1. The Crown gave control to another / someone in charge 2. Usually to repay a debt 3. Example: Pennsylvania was given to William Penn as a debt owed to Penn’s father for supporting the King during the English Civil War

4. C. Joint – Stock 1. Funded by a group of investors who give the Crown a cut of the profit 2. A Business venture 3. Example: Virginia. The Virginia Company “joined” the government in establishing a colony in the New World as a business deal to make profit.

5. 2. Mercantilism A. the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism. B. All raw materials of colonies should be and will be sent back to the mother country to be turned into finished goods. Then sold and traded by the mother country.

6. 3. Trans-Atlantic Trade A. Triangle Trade 1. Flow of goods (trade cycle) between Europe / the New World / and Africa 2. aka Columbian Exchange 3. Slaves were included in this trade from Western Africa a. Slaves were often traded amongst African Tribes and the Europeans as a result of “Slave Wars” in exchange for European goods. b. Middle Passage 1a. Describes the horrific conditions of the journey across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the Americas 1b. 1st African slaves started to appear in Jamestown in 1607

9. 4. Mayflower Compact A. 1st signs of self-government in the New World B. Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower coming from England to the New World agreed to use majority rule in deciding its governmental functions (Self Governing)

10. II. 3 Groups of Colonies in America 1. Southern A. Reasons for establishment 1a. Tobacco – Cash Crop a. Crop grown only for profit 1b. Staple Crops: crops grown for general consumption and survival. Profits could be made by farmers, but not their primary purpose – always in demand 1c. Georgia founded as a Penal Colony a. main purpose was to protect the tobacco rich lands of the Carolinas. b. lessen overcrowded prisons in England

11. B. Impact of location and place 1. Geography / latitude, made the soil perfect for growing tobacco 2. protect / buffer from Spanish Florida 3. ports: Savanah, Charleston etc. 4. latitude made it quicker to gain slaves through slave trade

12. C. Relations with Native Americans 1. Somewhat neutral 2. Conflicts over land do occur but mostly each side left each other alone a. Exception being Jamestown and Powhatan Tribe 1a. Powhatan (father of Pocahontas) controlled the largest Native Nation in the South that dominated most of what we call Virginia

14. D. Economic Development 1. Cash and Staple Crops 2. Agriculture based economy 3. very few large cities 4. sparse population 5. little importance of “formal” education

15. 2. New England A. Reasons for establishment 1. Religious Haven 2. Puritans / Pilgrims 3. “new life” opportunities B. Impact of location and place 1. Geography – Latitude is almost the same as Europe in relation 2. Lumber industry a. The forests of the Northeastern portion of North America was very rich in lumber b. Trees from New England were used for ship building

16. C. Relations with Native Americans 1. Poor relations with Natives 2. Puritans / English often forced Natives into converting to Purantism 3. Often fought over land and control of land a. Iroquois League of Nations 1a. Alliance of 6 tribes (Confederacy) to protect from English expansion 1b. Seneca / Mohawk / Oneida / Cayuga / Onendaga / Tuscarora

17. b. Pequot War 1a. 1630’s 1b. New England was trading fur with the Pequot’s and competing with the French 1c. Control of the trade became center point of struggle between the 2 super powers 1d. Puritans (English) began to ally themselves with the Narrangesett’s and Mohegan’s. 1e. Ends with the Treaty of Hartford that turns over control of the region to England

18. c. King Phillip’s War 1a. 1675 – rebellion begin with several Native Tribes 1b. “King Phillip” aka Metacom leads a revolt against the English 1c. Acquired guns from French traders 1d. Metacom is killed by a “Praying Indian” 1e. Southern New England is now in control by the English

19. D. Economic Development 1. Elimination of the Dutch a. 1664 – England felt threated by the economic success of the Dutch. b. New Amsterdam is captured by the English c. Renamed New York after King James the Duke of York. d. King James takes control of New England, strips the colonies in the region of their charters and calls it the Dominion of New England 2. Sea fairing business a. fishing b. ship building c. triangle trade / mercantilism

20. 3. Mid-Atlantic (aka Middle Colonies) A. Reasons for establishment 1. Religious tolerance a. includes the founding of Maryland 1a. safe haven for Catholics 1b. Led by Lord Baltimore 2. Economic opportunity that is a mix of Southern and New England a. good location b. fertile soil B. Impact of location and place 1. being between the New England and Southern colonies it allowed the Middle Colonies to practice both commerce and agriculture 2. Large and dense populated cities began to emerge 3. Diverse population

21. C. Relations with Native Americans 1. very good relations 2. Often Quakers would purchase land from Natives 3. trusted Natives and created a bond with Natives D. Economic Development 1. mixed economy of farming and commerce 2. trade

22. III. European Culture 1. cultural diversity A. New England: Puritan dominated B. Mid-Atlantic: VERY diverse a. English b. Dutch c. French d. Scots e. Irish d. German e. Welsh f. Jewish g. Africans e. Native Americans C. Southern: little European diversity / will start to change, mostly English

23. 2. Contributions of different ethnic and religious groups A. Puritans a. very religious and strict in practice of their faith b. Dominated New England politics and culture c. Forced conversions of Natives – Praying towns d. very formal e. Life structured around the “Church” f. ministers where the community leaders, teachers, law enforcement, politicians etc. f. very strict interpretation of the Bible e. John Winthrop was the 1st Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony g. Theocracy 1a. leads to the Salem Witch Trials 1b. Parliament moves to revoke the charters of New England – (King James) 1c. “City Upon a Hill” 2a. should be an example to the rest of the dark valley below

25. B. Quakers a. Mostly present in the Middle Colonies (Pennsylvania) b. Pacifists c. banished (basically) from England because of refusing to join in the English Civil War d. Friendly relations with Natives – Delaware e. No formal ministers d. “come as you are” mentality e. The “spirit” is in us all. Speak as the spirit moves you. f. true religious toleration

26. C. African a. slave labor in the Americas after the failure of the use of Irish and Native slaves b. majority worked on tobacco plantations c. cultivated sugar in the Caribbean d. first official United States Census taken in 1790 showed that eight percent of the black populace was free. e. Anthony Johnson – 1st known slave holder in America 1a. Virginia 1651 1b. former slave and indentured servant (African sold by Arab traders) 1c. 1st African American (known) land owner in Virginia f. held up the Southern economy and economy of all the agricultural based colonies.

27. D. Native a. served as scouts and guides b. Dominated trade in the Virginia region c. helped Colonists survive in many cases d. often made allies with Europeans to eliminate their rivals in return of aiding European settlements to survive 1a. also resisted European settlements in many parts of the New World

28. F. French a. settled along the Great Lakes (Canada) and St. Lawrence River (Samuel de Champlain) b. Used Quebec as their major trading post c. traded with Natives d. controlled the fur trading business in North America e. settled along the Mississippi River down to Louisiana

29. IV. Growth of African population and contributions 1. Middle Passage A. bring slave trade to the Americas 2. Population growth A. by the 1700’s there are more than 1,500,000 slaves imported B. some prospers and own land etc. vast majority do not 3. Agriculture A. sugar, rice, indigo, tobacco, and eventually cotton

30. V. Colonial Governance 1. Self-Governance A. Mayflower compact – see notes from Exploration and Colonization B. mid 1600’s Legislative and Representative Assemblies emerge a. example is the Virginia House of Burgesses 1a. Land owners could vote and be members of the Legislative governors

31. 2. Salutary Neglect A. being allowed to operate politically and economically independent of the Crown due to the success of the colonies. B. As long as “trouble” wasn’t an issue, many local governments were allowed to happen and continue to operate because the made money for Parliament / England

32. VI. Great Awakening 1. Defining Great Awakening A. Puritan Revival as a response to movements like Enlightenment B. Repenting of sins C. refocus on faith D. City Upon a Hill E. Jonathan Edwards a. Puritan Minister b. sermon: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” 1a. Hell, Fire, Brimstone 1b. Damnation of your sins unless there is a repentance

33. 2. Challenging Traditional Authority A. Mayflower Compact – self / majority rule B. Bacon’s Rebellion a. led by Nathanial Bacon – middle class farmer b. 1676 – Jamestown, Virginia c. Revolt against Gov. William Berkeley d. Bacon and other planters like him, wanted to increase their lands and influence. In order to do that they had to be land owners. The Governor would not allow them to run Natives off and take more land etc. e. When all over, the rebellion display and “unequal distribution of land” 1a. Wealthy are the lawmakers etc. creating a class society in America. C. Puritans 1. Theocracy 2. Church and church law is above the law of Parliament etc.