Chapter One

1. Chapter One Mrs. Green U.S. History 8th grade

2. Section 1 • Thinking like a Historian

3. What is a Historian? • A historian is a person who studies and writes about people and events of the past. • What do Historian Do? • Find out how people lived • What happened to those people • What happened around those people • Look for causes of events and the effects of those events

4. Why we study history? • To understand what happened in the past • To understand what happened to others can help us make sense of current events (things taking place today.) • It can also help us predict what might happen in the future so that we can make better decisions about today and tomorrow.

5. Have you ever wonder if you could be a historian? • To answer that question you will need to think like a historian • Answer the following questions: • How did historians research • How did historians write about history If you can answer these two questions you are on your way to becoming an historian!

6. How do historians explore the past? • Historians use a number of tools to research and collect information • They use specialized tools to organize information about their subjects -Tools Historians use • Measuring time • Calendars • Timelines

7. Historian Tools • Measuring time is a challenge where historians have to determine when events took place • Answering questions like what events happened first? How far apart in time did events take place? Calendars- are a system of breaking down time into units and keeping track of those units ( the dates in our textbook are based on the western calendar)

8. Tools Continued • Western Calendar- is a 365 day calendar, the calendar begins at the birth of Jesus - Years before are known as B.C ( Before Christ), years after are called A.D ( Anno Domini) which is Latin for “the year of the lord”. • Some people use C.E (Common Era) and B.E.C ( Before Common Era) • For dates before B.C. historians count backwards from A.D • There is no “0” year • The year before A.D. 1 is 1 B.C. • To dates events after A.D Historians count forward • The year 1 A.D is actually A.D. 2

9. Tools Count…. • Time Lines- Historians are interested in chronology • Chronology- is the order in which events happened • An easy way to keep track of chronology is to use or make timeline look on page 5 in your textbook. • Each section represents a period of time, timelines also has labels for events • Timeline label appears near the dates on time line when the events took place.

10. Analyzing Sources • Primary Source- a description or picture of events by someone who actually saw or lived through events. • Secondary Source- usually comes from people who were not present at the event. • Secondary Sources may use primary sources ( your textbook is a secondary source) When analyzing primary sources ask the five “W’s” Who, Why, What, Where and When.

11. Five “W’s” • Who? -who created the primary source? • Why? -Why was the source created? • What? - What is the source about? • Where? - Where was the source created? • When? - When was the source created?

12. Charts, Diagrams and Graphs • Charts- present facts and numbers in organized way - Tables charts arrange data especially 8numbers in rows and columns for easy reference. • Charts allow you to review materials and compare main ideas easily. • Diagrams-drawings that show steps is a process, point out the parts of an object or explain how something works. • Diagrams are sometimes called ( Infographics)

13. Charts, Diagrams and Graphs cont. • Graphs- present numbers usually so numbers are easier to understand • Types of graphs: • Circle Graphs- show how the whole of something is divided • Bar Graphs- use bars to compare numbers visually, can also compare items at different points in time. • Line Graphs- can show how things change overtime ( rather than showing data just for specific points in time, line graphs show continuous line of data.)

14. Critical Thinking Skills • Understanding Cause and Effect- a cause is an action or situation that produces an event. -What happens as a result of a cause is called and Effect -Understanding Cause and Effect means thinking about Why? An event occurred it helps you plan to encourages or prevent the same event in the future. • Predicting Consequences -predicting future events is difficult -sometimes you can use causes that led to certain effects in the past to make predictions.

15. Critical Thinking Skills cont. • Distinguishing Fact from Opinion -To determine validity of sources and to find answers in a text you have to distinguish fact from opinions. -You can check facts using reliable sources to determine whether or not they are accurate. -They can answer specific question such as: what happened? Who did it? Etc… -Opinions are based on values and beliefs they are not true and they are not false. -Opinions often start with phrases like: “I believe” or contain words such as should, ought, best, worst, or greatest.

16. Critical Thinking Skills cont. • Drawing Inferences and Conclusions -when you make an inference ( you read between the lines) Follow these steps: • Read carefully for key facts, ideas, and list them • Summarize the information • Recall what you already know about the topic • Use your knowledge and insight to develop some inferences and conclusions about the passage.

17. Critical Thinking Skills cont. • Making Comparisons ( turn to page 11) -Look at the questions under making comparisons #1-3 Answer the questions using the photos on page 11

18. Section 2 • Studying Geography

19. What is geography? • Geography- is the study of the Earth and its people. • Geographers- try to understand a place not just where it is, but what it is? • To help them build this understanding, geographers organize their study into themes, or subjects. • There are five themes of geography: location ,place ,regions , movement, and human environment interaction.

20. Five themes of geography • Location- describe where something is. Absolute location describe a place’s exact position on the Earth’s surface. • Place- explores the physical and human features that make a city, state, or country unique. • Regions- are areas that share common features. Regions may be land, water, or specific area in a city or state. • Movement- explains how and why people things and ideas move. • Human- environment interaction- explores the relationship between people and their environments.

21. Maps & globes • Globe- a round model of the Earth. • Map- a flat drawing of all parts of the Earth’s surface. • Cartographers( Map Makers) use complex mathematics to transfer shapes from the round globe to flat map. • Maps contain a large amount of information in a small space. In order to understand maps you must know how to read maps and different types of maps.

22. Physical and political maps • Physical maps- show landforms and water features -landforms are natural features on the Earth such as deserts, mountains, plains, or plateaus. -physical maps also show relief, or ups and downs of the Earth’s surface and elevation of height of an area above the sea level. • Political Maps- show the names and political boundary lines or borders of a place. -Examples: show human- made features such as cities or transportation routes.

23. Special Purpose Maps • Some maps present specific kinds of information • These maps are called Thematic or Special Purpose Maps. -These types of map show theme, patterns or emphasize one subject. • One type of special purpose maps show population density. -Population density- refers to how thickly a place is settled ( how many people live in each square mile.) - Another type of special purpose map displays how events occur overtime.

24. The six elements of geography • The world in spatial terms • Places and Regions • Physical Systems • Human Systems • Environment and Society • Use of Geography

25. World in spatial Terms • World in spatial terms- where a place is actually located every place has an absolute and relative location. • Absolute location- exact spot of a place on the Earth’s surface • Relative location- tells where a place is compared with one or more other locations.

26. Places & Regions • Place- describes all characteristics that gives an area its own special quality. -These can be physical features such as mountains, waterways, climate, plant life or animal life. -Sometimes places can be described by using human features for example language, religion, and architecture • Regions- a group of places that share common features. -Physical features such as types of land formation, plant life, animals’ life can define a particular region.

27. Physical systems • Physical systems include the complex forces that create weather, wind, rain, snow, and storms. • There are also physical systems that make the surface of the Earth move and change shapes. Physical systems affect where and how humans live. -Examples: people may decide not to live on the slopes of an active Volcano because it could erupt at anytime. Ecosystem are a type of physical system. An ecosystem is a community of living beings and the surrounding in which they live. An example of an ecosystem would be a lake. -Ecosystem include forest, plants, animals, water and everything that live beneath the water.

28. Human Systems • Human Systems – include all things humans create as they build their lives together on earth. • Examples: Villages, Cities and Towns. • Human systems are always changing, movement of people, ideas, and goods also shape the world.

29. Environment and society -Why people settle in a certain areas. People shape the world in which we live. • People create cities, buildings, streets and homes. • People adapt to the world around them • Relationships between people and their surroundings is very important • People have to adapt to their surroundings • Humans tend to impact the ecosystem surrounding them. Examples include: homes, business, and schools. ( all of these impact the environment)

30. The uses of Geography • Knowledge of geography helps people understand the relationship between people, places, and the environment.

31. Section 3 • Study of Economics

32. What is economics? • Economics- is the study of how people and nations make choices about using scarce resources to fill needs and wants. • Economics is also the study of how things are made brought, sold, and used.

33. Scarcity and choice • Goods are things people buy. • Akey economic concepts is the idea of scarcity. • Scarcity- means there are not enough resources to produce everything people want and need. • Because of scarcity people and society must make a choice about how to use resources. -What to produce? -How to produce? -For whom to produce? *Scarcity Forces people to make decisions.

34. The cost of choice • Opportunity Cost- the cost involved in your choice • (the chance you pass up when you make a choice) - Examples: Buy a CD or Save your money.

35. Factors of Production • Economist call the resources needed t produce goods and services are called factors of production. • Land refers to natural resources • Labor refers to nation’s workforce • Capital refers to human made goods that people use to produce other goods and services. Examples: Machines, buildings, and tools. • Entrepreneurs- refers to a person who organizes and manages business (Entrepreneurs bring all four factors of production together)

36. economy • Every country has an economic system. Economic systems explain the way people produce and trade goods & services. Types of Economy • Traditional Economy- what people do or make depend on tradition • Command Economy- government controls most economic activity ( government leaders tell people what to make and sell. • Market Economy- buyers and sellers freely choose to buy or make whatever they want. Government plays a very little role in the decision. This freedom leads to competition, producers try to win customers. The forces of supply and demand help drive the price of goods.

37. Supply and demand • Supply- the amount of a good or service available of a certain price • Demand- is how much consumers will buy at a certain price Example: High Demand = High Price (I-Phone) The United States uses the Market Economy.

38. Free Enterprise System • Individuals are free to control and own the means of production. -Examples: If you decide to go into business you get to decide what to sale or the services you produce and how to produce them. • With this freedom of choice buyers control business through their buying decisions. • Business sell goods and services in return they receive money, from the money they pay cost of creating goods & service, and anything left over is called profit. • Profit Motive- the desire to make a profit ( no business can survive spending more than what it cost to create the product. ) • Private Property- anything owned by individuals or groups rather than government.

39. International Economy • No country produces all the goods and services it needs. Trade is important -International trade: the exchange of goods and services across national boarders - items being traded link countries together as well as states (U.S.) Voluntary Exchange- neither buyer no seller are forced to work together Specialization- each country focuses on what they make well and trade that resources. Currency & Exchange Rate: most people use currency (money) for trade. Exchange rate –the price of one country’s currency compared to another country’s currency.

40. International Economy Cont. • Trade Barriers -Tariff – tax on imports -important quota ( restricts number of units of a product) -Embargo: ban on imports and exports of a good

41. Economic literacy • How to spend and not spend money. Decision making as a consumer -Do you really need this items? -Is this good or service worth the time I spent earning the income to pay for it? -Is there any better use for my income now? Should I save instead for the future needs?

42. Economic literacy Cont. Deciding on Right Purchase After you have decided to buy a certain good you must answer the following questions -Do I want high, medium, or low quality? -How much will it cost to operate what you are buying? -Should I wait until the item is on sale? -Should I buy a product with a brand name even though it might be more? -What do people say about the product? -Does the product have a warranty? -How can I return the item or exchange the item?

43. Why save money? • Saving- setting aside income for use at a later time. • Setting a saving goal, can help people save money for long term. What is credit? • Credit: involves borrowing money to buy goods and services today with promises to pay back the money in the future. Amount owed = Debt= Principal Plus Interest • Principal= amount originally borrowed • Interest=Amount the borrower must pay for use of someone else's money

44. Section 4 • Civics and Government

45. Rights of U. S Citizens • Civics: is the study of the rights and duties of citizens. Two ways to be citizen of U.S. -to be born in the United States -naturalization: legal process for foreign born people to become citizens All American citizens have certain basic rights. These rights are outlined and guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Due process- government must treat all citizens by certain procedures established by law and the Constitution. Equal Protection- fourteenth amendment requires every state to give each citizen equal protection of the law. Basic Freedoms- Individual rights outlined in 1st amendment: Freedom of speech, religion, press, plus right to assembly & petition the government

46. Rights of U. S Citizens cont. • Limits on rights- government can limit 1st amendment right to protect the health, safety, security, and moral standards of the community.

47. Government: Structure and functions • Federal System- power is spilt between a central or national and state governments. Division of Power- the constitution describes the role Federal and State government. Federal Government: maintain the military, coin money, regulate trade between states & foreign nations, and make laws. State Government: conduct elections, establish schools, regulate business trade, establish local government, issue marriage licenses, and assume all powers not given to federal government. Both: enforce laws, establish courts, borrow money, protect the health and safety of the people, build roads, and collect taxes.

48. Citizens in action • Citizens must: -obey laws ( if laws are broken then citizens and non citizen will be arrested) -pay taxes -serve on juries -defend nation - vote

49. Core beliefs Americans share • Respect- for the rights of each individual to equal treatment under the law. • Appreciation- of the cultural contributions of all people. • Belief-in democracy as the best form of government. • Awareness- that it is each citizens responsibility to participate thoughtfully in civic life.