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Association & Causation

Association & Causation. Association. Ms Ashvarya Rai is associated with Mr Bacchan In Epidemiology association refers to a link between 2 or more factors Measures of Association: Relative Risk or Risk Ratio RR Risk Difference ( Attributable Risk) RD Odds Ratio OR ( show Apple).

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Association & Causation

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  1. Association &Causation

  2. Association • Ms Ashvarya Rai is associated with Mr Bacchan • In Epidemiology association refers to a link between 2 or more factors • Measures of Association: Relative Risk or Risk Ratio RR Risk Difference ( Attributable Risk) RD Odds Ratio OR ( show Apple)

  3. Causation • Question- Egg or Hen first? • Temporality- Cause precede effect • Strength of Association • Dose response • Specificity • Biological Plausability • Consistency • Experimental Evidence

  4. Causes in ScriptureBhagwat Geeta • Panchaitaani mahaabaaho kaaranaani nibodha me; • Saankhye kritaante proktaani siddhaye sarvakarmanaam. • Learn from Me, O mighty-armed Arjuna, these five causes, as declared in the Sankhya system for the accomplishment of all actions! • Adhishthaanam tathaa kartaa karanam cha prithagvidham; • Vividhaashcha prithakcheshtaa daivam chaivaatra panchamam. • The body, the doer, the various senses, the different functions of various sorts, and the presiding Deity, also, the fifth, • Shareeravaangmanobhiryat karma praarabhate narah; • Nyaayyam vaa vipareetam vaa panchaite tasya hetavah. Whatever action a man performs by his body, speech and mind, whether right or the reverse, these five are its causes. Chapter 18; Slokes 13,14,15

  5. Causality • Always a constellation of component causes • Nothing is caused by a single cause • Sufficient cause: A set of minimal conditions or events needed to cause the onset of disease • Rothman’s Causal Pie model

  6. Confounding • Confundere (Latin)- to confuse ( Bible) • It is a mixing of effects due to a third factor in the study – Pati, patni & vo draw • A factor is a confounder if: • Associated with exposure in nondiseased • Associated with disease in unexposed( prior knowledge) • Not an intermediate in pathways • Not a surrogate for an exposure

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