MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY Dr. Ali Tayeh Second Semester 2010-2011 Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

University of PalestineMaterials And Construction Technology Chapter (2) Blocks And Stone works B Dr. Ali I. Tayeh Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Concrete Blocks works • Blocks Types • Stone blocks • The Polystyrene Blocks • Etong block • Solid blocks • Hollow blocks • Glassy blocks • Heating blocks Chapter(2)Blocks And Stone works Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Generally, the blocks used shall be of local manufacture made with cement and sand in approved vibrated pressure machines. The fine aggregate to be used for blocks shall be clean and sharp. It shall be chemically and structurally stable and shall comply with the Table of Gratings given here under. The cement, fine aggregate and water to be used for blocks shall comply with the requirements given under Concrete Works; and the methods of measuring and mixing the materials shall be the same. Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works 30-35% 8-10% 15-20% 40-45% Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Stone block Stone blocks are blocks cutted from the rocks Stone blocks have a lot of benefits الفوائد as: • Thermal isolator • Sound isolator • Fine look. The unit weight of the stone block =2700Kg/m3 Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Polystyrene General Properties: Physical Properties: • Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density, and compaction at its particles • Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high and compacted particles • water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to its compacted particles • Weight: it is a light material where it’s average weight form 20 -30 Kg per m3. Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types • Compaction: it’s a semi compacted material lies between hardness and softness. • Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition , however under high temperature it will shrink before evaporation • Diminution نقصان: it has a fixed and stable dimension due to store air with its cell • Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its color and boarding strength Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Polystyrene advantages and Disadvantages: Polystyrene Advantages: • Very good noise and heat isolator • Light weight material • Normal temperature has no effect on it Polystyrene Disadvantages: • It high cost , comparing to other building material • It could be affected be sun and climate change • Required specially technical skill to handle Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Application: • To be use as isolating material , both for heat and noise • To reduce the dead load of the building • To be use as a primary material for react 's contraction • To be used filling and backing material • To be use at agriculture (Green houses ) Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Etong block: • Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape with a high porosity, The standard commercial dimension which are used in the roof (60×50) cm2 which thickness between 10 and 32 cm. • Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in the roof is (450-480)kg/m3 ويسمى الحجر الخفاف ويستخدم لسقف بدلا من حجر الريبس أحيانا ويمتاز بـ: (أغلى من الباطون) لأنه 1- سهولة تشكيله 2- قلة الفاقد منه 3- خفة وزنه 4- عزله الجيد للصوت والحرارة 5- يعطي منظرا جماليا ويستخدم في الديكور عيوبه : 1- مرتفع الثمن يحتاج إلى مواد وطرق خاصه لبنائه 2- ضعيف نسبياً Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Etong advantages : • Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocks • No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during casting • Easy to supply the water network and electric network • Time saving where square meter from ordinary block need 12.50 blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocks • High prevention of infiltration of water the Etong absorb the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after this depth no absorption will occur • Fire resistance and noise isolation Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Solid blocks: Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks under the retaining walls but these days use of them is too little because Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads High cost and high manufacturing cast Bad isolation for moisture Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Hollow blocks: • According to the used aggregate there are two type of hollow blocks: • Ordinary blocks • Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by using the ordinary aggregate in special size • Light blocks • light blocks are made of light concrete by using the light aggregate • the main slandered commercial dimension for the type of hollow blocks are tabulated as fallowing Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Glassy blocks: • This type of blocks preferred at a decors purposes therefore its get a beautiful look with a fine brightness. • It is difficult to built by skilled labors • The plastering material which used in built it is quartz mixed with a white cement Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Heating blocks: • The row material used in this type is clay • It has a red color • Used in a ovens and stove Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Types Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Blocks Testing Testing shall be carried at a random عشوائيةsamples taken from the material arrived in sites Physical testing: • This test belong the dimensions, colors and shape • Block to be approved should have: • homogenous color • homogenous Touch • regular dimension Blocks And Stone worksBlocks Testing Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

lab tests: • space weight test space weight of block must not exceed the allowable limit for example: • block 20 or 15 its weight must not exceed 1400 kg/m3. • block 7 , 10 and 12 its weight must not exceed 1650 kg/m3. So for block 20 • weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg. Where 1400 is the maximum space weight And 62.50 is number of blocks 20 in m3 Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

lab tests: • bearing capacity: • The average compressive strength of solid blocks shall be not less than 45 kg/cm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strength. • The average compressive strength of hollow blocks shall be not less than 35 kg/cm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strength. Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Block shall be made in a vibrated pressure machines and shall be in general. manufactured form cement, aggregate and water the minimum cement content shall be 200 kg cement to 0.46 m3 fine aggregate and 0.82m3 coarse aggregate . • Block shall be hard sound square and clean • Blocks for wall shall be (40cm ±3mm) long and (20cm ±3mm) high., the tolerance in thickness shall be ( ±1mm) Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Basic Brickwork Terms Header face: The short face of a brick Stretcher face: The long face of a brick A course of stretchers: A single row of laid bricks with the long face towards you Mortar: The material used to bed and joint the bricks Mortar bed: The mortar placed underneath the bricks Mortar joint: The mortar placed between the bricks Arris: The corner edges of a brick Frog: The indent or holes often found in bricks Racking back: The wall being stepped back at the end Plumbing point: A point – usually at each end of a wall – which is checked for plumb (straight up and down Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

“Modified” vee joints. Concave joints Flush joints Racked joints Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

END ANY QUESTION? Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY