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With his mind magnetically Erased, A Monkey knows he is Uncertain

With his mind magnetically Erased, A Monkey knows he is Uncertain. David Washburn, Jonathan Gulledge , Michael Beran , David Smith. Hani Mahmoud March 4 th 2014 Psych 486 – Animal Mind. Introduction: Intelligence. Intelligence: what you know (cognition)

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With his mind magnetically Erased, A Monkey knows he is Uncertain

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  1. With his mind magnetically Erased, A Monkey knows he is Uncertain David Washburn, Jonathan Gulledge, Michael Beran, David Smith Hani Mahmoud March 4th 2014 Psych 486 – Animal Mind

  2. Introduction: Intelligence • Intelligence: what you know (cognition) • Intelligence: knowing what you don’t know (metacognition) • Metacognition: capacity to monitor and respond to uncertainty • Hallmark of intelligence?

  3. Introduction: Studying Metacognition • Humans: many psychological studies • Animals: recently demonstrated metacognitive abilities • Challenge: measurement of subjective, NOT objective events • Subjective: cues that show responder assessing his uncertainty • Objective: cues that merely correlate with uncertainty (i.e. difficulty) • Combine DVF (standard) & TMS (novel) to isolate subjective cues

  4. Background: TMS • Trans-cranial magnetic stimulation • Electromagnetic induction: pulse through coil wires  rapid change 2T mag. field  electric current • Effect: neuronal hyper/depolarization  temporarily disrupt stimulus processing • Applications: research, depression/Parkinson’s therapy • Benefits: Noninvasive, targeted

  5. Background: DVF • Divided Visual Field Paradigm • Commonly used in primates to explore functional cerebral asymmetries • QUICKLY flash parafoveal image

  6. Hypothesis & Goals • Post-stimulus TMS disrupts memory in (contralateral) hemisphere that initially processes stimulus • Focus on subjective cues independently of objective cues • Observe how TMS affects uncertainty response: • ‘I don’t know’ no error • Determine (TMS & DVF) whether monkeys respond adaptively when uncertain  intelligence?

  7. Methods: Subject • ONE 5yo M rhesus macaque • Not fluid/food deprived • Restrained in chair, but free to work (TMS) or rest • Trained with TMS & DVF (joystick) • Separately • DVF w/o ‘uncertain’ option • TMS: psychomotor tasks only

  8. Methods: Study

  9. Methods: Study • TMS motion calibration • Each trial: • Place TMS coil on head • Computer cursor  center (fixation) • Randomly flash shape on L/R, 50-200ms (stimulus) • Grid blocks visual persistence, administer TMS, 1s • No TMS on some random trials (255) • Ipsilateral (140) or contralateral (163) • Same TMS parameters each time • Identify image (test) • Correct: pellet • Incorrect: timeout • Uncertain (star): remove wrong image, but slow reward rate

  10. Results • Significant (p<0.001) performance drop (to chance) with cTMS • More likely (p<0.001) to to select uncertain option with cTMS  Monkey monitors/responds to subjective uncertainty iTMS iTMS No TMS cTMS cTMS No TMS

  11. Discussion • Uncertain response: • Not learned (equal use initially and after 100 trials) • Not externally cued (coil always in place, noise/sensation for cTMS & iTMS) •  based solely on uncertain feeling •  subjective, not objective • Primates adaptively monitor their cognitive states • Confirms Smith ‘98, Hampton ‘01, Kornell ’07 • Eliminates cues to uncertainty response • Monkey willingly initiates trials (w/TMS)  future studies OK! • N = 1, no problem b/c good statistics… • Critique: not food deprived…

  12. Questions?

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