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Orientia

Orientia. It is garm negative bacilli adapted to intracellular parasitism Transmitted by arthropod vectors There is only one human pathogen: causes scrub typhus ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSH. Scrub typhus. Also kown as CHIGGER-BORNE TYPHUS

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Orientia

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  1. Orientia

  2. It is garm negative bacilli adapted to intracellular parasitism • Transmitted by arthropod vectors • There is only one human pathogen: causes scrub typhus ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSH

  3. Scrub typhus • Also kown as CHIGGER-BORNE TYPHUS • It is transmitted by mites belonging to Leptotrombidium • Human beings infected when they are bitten by mite larvae (chiggers) • The mites feed on serum of worm blooded animals only once in their life • Adults feed on plant juices

  4. History • 1944 is the year which gain more attention towards this disease • US army`s 530 7th composite unit popularly known as Merrill`s Marauders lost half of their unit to this disease • severe epidemics found in US troops stationed in JAPAN • Soldiers used to call it shichito fever or hatsuka fever

  5. geographical distribution • Endemic to a part of the world popularly known as tsutsugamushi triangle • It extends from northern japan and far east russia in the north to northern australia in the south and pakistan and afghanistan in the west

  6. Causes • Transmitted by some sps of trombiculid mites • Particularly Leptotrombidium deliense • The bite of this mite leaves a characteristic black eschar

  7. Symptoms and signs • Signs: macculopapular rash, eschar, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathies • Symptoms: fever, head ache muscle pain, cough, G.I symptoms. • More virulent strains cause hemorrhage and intravascular coagulation.

  8. Laboratory findings • Leucopenia, • Abnormal liver function tests Diagnosis • In endemic areas clinical grounds are alone sufficient • Cheapest and most easily available serological test is weil-felix test which is notoriously unreliable • The golden standard is indirect immunofluorescence • Rapid bedside kits are also available

  9. Treatment • Without treatment disease often fatal • Most commonly used drug is doxycyclin • Alternate is chloramphenicol • Rifampacin and azithromycin are alternative in resistant strains • Azithromycin is the choice for children and pregnants

  10. Vaccines • No licensed vaccines available • An attempt to create a scrub typhus vaccine occurred in UK in 1937 under a classified project “operation tyburn” but the vaccine was not used • First known type of scrub typhius vaccine actually used to inocculate in human subject was dispatched by ALFSEA in june 1945 • It was produced by weellcomes lab at sussex • Scrub typhus shows anormous antigenic variation in its strains immunity to one strain does not confer immunity to other

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