BP Handbook

1. BP Handbook Meeting Zurich 4.6.2007

2. Workflow of the meeting What is a BP Handbook? Form of the BP Handbook Title of the sub chapters Presentation of the technical suggestions to the first summary of 9.5.2007 from the partners Discussion AIM: Agreement on the content

3. What is a BP Handbook? What does European Reference Manual mean? Case studies Methodology Country reports (see also WP3) Should the BP Hand book contain only published material??? Difference between papers on the state of the art (WP3) and the BP Handbook? Should not drift in a too academic direction, but be very pragmatic for users who are not yet familiar with the matter? Should include the potential of geothermal energy across Europe for political decision makers? Comments Steering Committee ?

4. Comments on the title Title: Chapter 1 of the European Reference Manual for the development of Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced Geothermal Systems Chapter 1a of the Best Practice Handbook on the definition of innovative concepts for investigating geothermal energy (or site?) Chapter 1b of the Best Practice Handbook on generic studies for Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced Geothermal Systems in contrasting geo-environments in Europe Comments 1. The title of the Part 1a seems to me not very precise. The point is that "innovative concepts" are equally applicable both to "Case studies" (Part 1a) and to "Generic studies" (Part 1b). Explanation of generic studies: Generic studies are performed when the real field situation cannot be accessed. This includes computer simulations, laboratory investigations and field experiments. Comments 2. If the Part 1b is planned to be devoted to the methodological studies it is not necessary to include in the title the words "in contrasting geo-environments in Europe". Generic studies are a kind of theoretical (synthetic) studies. Sense of completely general studies? A general study always has to refer to a given problem (continental or site specific problem) with determined aspect of a problem by modeIing or lab measurements, etc.

5. Form of the BP Handbook Decision Steering Committee? Suggestion GFZ: BEST PRACTICE FOR THE STORAGE OF CO2 IN SALINE AQUIFERS Observations and guidelines from the SACS and CO2STORE projects (Edited and compiled by: Andy Chadwick, Rob Arts, Christian Bernstone, Franz May, Sylvain Thibeau & Peter Zweigel)

6. Form of BP Handbook – Suggestion CO2

7. Form of BP Handbook – Suggestion CO2 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction to the Case Studies 2 Sleipner (offshore Norway) 2 Kalundborg (onshore/offshore Denmark) 3 Mid-Norway (offshore Norway) 4 Schwarze Pumpe (onshore Germany) 5 Valleys (offshore UK) 7 2. STATEMENT OF STORAGE AIMS AND BENEFITS 9 2.1 Emissions reduction targets 9 2.1.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 10 Sleipner 10 Kalundborg 10 Mid-Norway 12 Schwarze Pumpe 12 Valleys 13 2.2 Local environmental impacts 13 3. SITE SCREENING, RANKING AND SELECTION 15 3.1 Storage Capacity 15 3.1.1 Principles of storage 16 3.1.2 Storage capacity calculation 17 3.1.3 Storage efficiency 20 3.1.4 Observations from the COSTORE case-studies 21 Sleipner 21 Kalundborg 23 Mid-Norway 25 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 25 Valleys 29 3.1.5 Generic Findings 29 3.2 Basic Reservoir Properties 30 3.2.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 30 Sleipner 30 Kalundborg 32 Mid-Norway 37 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 43 Valleys 45 3.2.2 Generic Findings 49 3.3 Basic Overburden Properties 50 3.3.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 50 Sleipner 50 Kalundborg 50 Mid-Norway 51 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 51 Valleys 53 3.4 Basic Reservoir flow simulations 53 3.4.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 54 Sleipner 54 Kalundborg 54 Mid-Norway 54 Generic study of dipping aquifers 63 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 64 Valleys 64 3.4.2 Generic Findings 64 3.5 Safety assessment of prospective CO2 storage sites 65 3.5.1 Risk and risk criteria 65 3.5.2 Health, Safety and Environmental risks with CO2 storage 65 3.5.3 Local HSE risks 66 3.5.4 Global HSE risks 66 3.5.5 Offshore and onshore issues 66 3.5.5.1 Offshore 67 3.5.5.2 Onshore 67 3.5.6 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 69 Kalundborg 69 Mid-Norway 69 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 70 Valleys 70 3.6 Conflicts of use 70 3.6.1 Contamination of other resources 70 3.6.2 Surface installations and pipeline routes 71 3.6.3 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 72 Sleipner 72 Kalundborg 72 Mid-Norway 74

8. Form of BP Handbook – Suggestion CO2 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 74 Valleys 75 3.7 Costs 75 3.7.1 Observations from the CO2STORE Case-studies 75 Sleipner 75 Kalundborg 76 Mid-Norway 77 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 77 Valleys 78 3.7.2 Generic findings 79 4. SITE CHARACTERISATION 81 4.1 Geological characterisation of the site 81 4.1.1 Reservoir Structure 82 4.1.1.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 84 Sleipner 84 Kalundborg 85 Mid-Norway 87 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 87 Valleys 88 4.1.1.2 Generic findings 89 4.1.2 Reservoir properties 91 4.1.2.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 91 Sleipner 91 Kalundborg 94 Mid-Norway 95 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 97 Valleys 100 4.1.2.2 Generic findings 103 4.1.3 Overburden and caprock properties 105 4.1.3.1 Laboratory permeability testing 106 4.1.3.2 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 107 Sleipner 107 Kalundborg 112 Mid Norway 112 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 113 Valleys 116 4.1.3.3 Generic findings 117 4.2 Predictive Flow Modelling 119 4.2.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 120 Sleipner 120 Kalundborg 122 Mid-Norway 124 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 124 Valleys 129 4.2.2 Generic Findings 135 4.3 Geochemical assessment 135 4.3.1 Geochemical baseline characterisation of the storage site 137 4.3.1.1 Caprock and reservoir mineralogical composition 137 4.3.1.2 Reservoir porewater sampling 138 4.3.1.3 Caprock porewater analysis 138 4.3.1.4 Laboratory data to be acquired to assess the water chemistry 139 4.3.1.5 Prevailing pressure and temperature conditions in the reservoir and caprock and their physical properties 139 4.3.1.6 Characterisation of the CO2 to be injected 139 4.3.1.7 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 139 Sleipner 139 4.3.2 Reservoir reactivity 140 4.3.2.1 Assessment of initial geochemical status 141 4.3.2.2 Short term geochemical interactions 141 4.3.2.3 Long-term predictive modelling 142 4.3.2.4 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 143 Sleipner 143 Kalundborg 143 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 143 4.3.3. Caprock reactivity 145 4.3.3.1 Assessment of the initial geochemical status 146 4.3.3.2 Short term geochemical interactions 146 4.3.3.3 Long term geochemical modelling 146

9. Form of BP Handbook – Suggestion CO2 4.3.3.4 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 147 Sleipner 147 Kalundborg 148 Valleys 148 4.3.4 Chemical reactions within faults and fractures 149 4.3.4.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 150 Valleys 150 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 151 4.3.5 Generic findings 151 4.4 Geomechanical Assessment 152 4.4.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 152 Sleipner 152 4.5 Characterisation phase risk assessment 153 4.5.1 Working steps of the FEP method 153 4.5.2 Evaluation of consequences versus environmental criteria 153 4.5.3 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 154 Sleipner 154 Kalundborg 154 Mid Norway 156 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 156 Valleys 165 4.5.4 Generic conclusions 168 4.6 Monitoring Programme design 169 4.6.1 Deep-focussed methods 172 4.6.1.1 4D surface seismic 172 4.6.1.2 Multi-component seismic 172 4.6.1.3 Microseismic monitoring 173 4.6.1.4 Surface microgravimetric monitoring 173 4.6.1.5 Well-based monitoring 174 4.6.1.6 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 174 Sleipner 174 4.6.2 Shallow – focussed methods 177 4.6.2.1 Detection of CO2 in the atmosphere and/or sea-water 177 4.6.2.2 Detection of CO2 at the surface or in the shallow subsurface 178 4.7 Transport 178 4.7.1 Pipeline 179 4.7.1.1 Pipeline route 179 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 179 4.7.1.2 Determination of optimal pipeline diameter 180 Kalundborg 180 4.7.1.3 Costs 181 Kalundborg 181 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 183 4.7.2 Ship 183 5. SITE DESIGN AND PLANNING CONSENT 185 5.1 Design 185 Sleipner 185 5.2 Planning Consent 185 5.2.1 National 185 Sleipner 186 Kalundborg 186 5.2.2 International 188 Kalundborg 189 6. SITE CONSTRUCTION 191 7. OPERATIONS PHASE 193 7.1 Operation and maintenance of pipeline and injection facilities 193 7.1.1 Measurement of injected CO2 193 7.2 Monitoring 194 7.2.1 Time-lapse surface seismic monitoring 194 7.2.1.1 Imaging CO2 distribution and migration 196 7.2.1.2 Quantitative assessments 203 7.2.1.3 Other analysis 209 Pre-stack trace inversion 209 Pre-stack Depth Migration 212 Timeshift analysis 214 Reflection strength analysis and advanced display options 215 AVO analysis and elastic inversion 217 Analysis of velocity anisotropy 217 Super-resolution mapping of thin CO2 accumulations 219 7.2.2 Time-lapse seabed gravimetry 220 7.2.3 Generic findings 224 7.3 Flow simulations history-matched to monitoring data 225

10. Form of BP Handbook – Suggestion CO2 7.3.1 History-matching monitoring datasets 225 7.3.1.1 Simulation tools used at Sleipner 225 7.3.1.2 Fluid and transport properties 227 7.3.1.3 Flow modelling 228 7.3.1.4 Simulation of the long-term fate of CO2 in a large-scale model 230 Residual phase trapping 235 Coupled reaction-transport modelling 236 7.3.1.5 Generic findings 241 7.4 Laboratory experiments on wellbore materials 241 8. CLOSURE PHASE 245 8.1 Closure application 245 8.2 Criteria for safe site closure 246 8.2.1 Monitoring requirements in the post-injection and post-closure periods 248 8.2.1.1 Types of monitoring 248 CO2 plume movement 248 Surface Monitoring 249 Reservoir pressure 249 Well integrity 249 8.2.2 Remediation planning 249 8.3 Transfer of liability from operator to national authority 250 8.3.1 Decommissioning 250 8.4 Post-closure issues

11. Suggestions to the content of the BP HandbookChapter 1 a Definition of innovative concepts for investigating geothermal sites Overview over innovative methods to define geothermal reservoirs appropriate for EGS technology in Europe Future innovative approaches would be strongly favoured by a close support between academic fundamental research and engineers. This Interplay between academic and engineering research has to extend over multiple scales. The investigation of geothermal sites requires different scales to be considered, ranging from continental down to a specific site and reservoir scale. The investigation is conducted through a variety of research institutions. Universities play a leading role in fundamental research and evaluation of new methods, strongly focused on the large scale investigation Basic aims: Understanding processes on large scale to define new resources and smaller scales to engineer reservoirs better

12. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM New concepts on the understanding of processes related to the accumulation of geothermal energy. An integrated earth system approach Definition of the geothermal potential across the European continent on different scales. Base for the definition of the energy mix in the single EU member states from a geothermal point of view The concept shall address the well-defined and in part already exploited reservoirs and provide a tool to search for unknown resources in Europe on the basis of process related investigations. TECHNICAL PROGRAM In contrast engineering experts tend to cover reservoir scale applications. Improvement of existing concepts for reservoir engineering and in cooperation with scientific approaches test new approaches

13. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a)

14. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Outcome: Definition of an investigation concept To be discussed: Continental scale Regional scale Resource and reservoir level

15. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Continental scale (I): 3D lithosphere (strength) models allow continent-wide studies related to geothermal energy. They shall provide a large-scale overview and first order conceptual models of favourable conditions for enhanced geothermal energy in the European continent. Lithosphere strength depends mainly on heat flow and Moho depth (due to material composition), and secondly on the stress field of the lithosphere. Depth to Moho and surface heatflow allow derivation of the depth of the base of the thermal Lithosphere, which can be an important information for geothermal energy Should deep lithosphere be included in the BP Handbook? We can drill (economically) only the top 5-6 km of the lithosphere. Deep lithospheric processes and thickness of the thermal lithosphere is mainly important from theoretical viewpoint, and from scale analysis. In scale analysis I mean geodynamic/lithospheric processes result in heat flow anomalies in the order of the thickness of the lithosphere. Smaller heat flow anomalies have different causes.

16. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Continental scale (II): Seismic tomography can provide essential information on rock densities at a regional scale. at large depth and at a continental scale Add MT studies at continental scale Further large-scale geophysical data (e.g. gravity, electro-magnetic, and seismic surveys) can be included. A process-oriented approach is achieved using thermo-mechanical or thermodynamic lithosphere models. This approach shall provide new concepts leading to the detection of unknown resources.

17. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Regional scale On a regional scale geothermal resources can be analysed structurally on the basis of 3D geological models. Key data are: field geology (better remote sensing to large scale for field geology) Temperature distribution Large structural features (fault / tectonic structures) Seismics and MT on a more regional scale

18. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Resources and reservoir level Key questions to be addressed in this concept: How should a resource analysis be done? How should a reservoir be accessed? Integrated geophysical exploration such as developed in the I-GET project (combination of 2D and 3D seismic and magnetotelluric studies) and joint inversion methods can enhance the geometric information of the 3D geological models. The physical properties, however, provide further information on mechanical and electric properties of the region, which can contribute to the understanding of the hydrologic conditions. On the same level investigation on the rheology, stress field determination, geochemistry and hydrology can provide information on geothermal fluids and the regional-scale fluid circulation pattern. Resource analysis using coupled thermal-hydraulic-chemical numerical simulations can provide detailed investigation of the annual extractable geothermal energy. Especially, the hydraulic and chemical conditions of a potential geothermal area, necessary for more detailed prediction, require a detailed understanding of local processes on reservoir level.

19. Content of the BP Handbook (1a) – Original suggestion Work-flow: From a continental scale to a borehole Continental scale approach 3D lithosphere strength models Tomography Large scale Geophysics studies Definition of interesting Basin/Platform/Region Basin/Platform/Region scale Geophysics campaigns Resource analysis Stress tensor knowledge Crosschecking with areas of demand for economy Localisation of favourable sites Site scale : seismic history Local stress Drilling Geochmistry Petrography, petrophysics, mineralogy Well geophysics: Acoustic Borehole Imaging, Vertical Seismic Profile. Electrical cylinder (3-5m) ? Enhance Media/Fractures knowledge and imaging around borehole Stimulating Seismic monitoring Hydraulic diffusivity estimation Tomography Injectivity Index evolution

20. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Work-flow: From a continental scale to a borehole Continental scale approach Definition of interesting Basin/Platform/Region Introduction to 2. Basin/Platform/Region scale 3D lithosphere strength models Tomography (seismic and MT) Large scale Geophysics studies Remote sensing Geophysics campaigns Resource analysis Stress tensor knowledge Crosschecking with areas of demand for economy Localisation of favourable sites

21. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Work-flow: From a continental scale to a borehole Site scale : 3D geology (fault and fracture pattern, porosity) here field geology appropriate 3D MT imaging and sub-surface temperature estimation by EM geothermometer developed recently by GEMRC seismic history Local stress

22. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Work-flow: From a continental scale to a borehole ALTERNATVE: A more pragmatic approach Form resource analysis to reservoir assessment Compilation of existing data (geological, geophysical, borehole information from wells in tne vicinity Question to answer: Is this a productive ressource/reservoir? Can we answer this question? How? Decision on a first 2-D geophysical approach (seismics, MT, TEM, or Vsp) identify large structures, stress field, geomechanical parameters with the aim to define the first well approximately Local 3D seismics and refined geological model. Determination of the well path Well- Logging First tests (see WP Drilling) and then determination of the second well path INCLUDE Evaluation of the single methods and instruments

23. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1a) Work-flow: From a continental scale to a borehole Drilling Geochmistry Petrography, petrophysics, mineralogy Well geophysics: Acoustic Borehole Imaging, Vertical Seismic Profile. Electrical cylinder (3-5m) ? Enhance Media/Fractures knowledge and imaging around borehole Stimulating Seismic monitoring Hydraulic diffusivity estimation Tomography Injectivity Index evolution

24. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1b) Generic studies are performed when the real field situation cannot be accessed. This includes computer simulations, laboratory investigations and field experiments. The ultimate goal is to characterize and predict successful reservoir assessment, through generic studies. This could be achieved by applying the following strategy (workflow):

25. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1b) Definition of criterions that play a important role for the success of EGS / UGR projects Evaluation of "critical values" (if exists) for each criterion. Quantify importance of each criterion in order to allow heat extraction and evaluate critical values requested for successful operations (may be an "importance coefficient", from 1 to 5 can be evaluated for each parameter). Several procedures can be envisaged: Numerically reproduce the observations from successful reservoirs and isolate key parameter/structure/critical values (i.e. major fault zones for the characterization of the Soultz reservoir) Laboratory experiments under typical stress and temperature situations Investigating processes and quantifying interactions (i.e. permeability creation through stimulation) by field laboratories experiments. Of course, the critical values and importance coefficient of these key parameters or criterions must be in agreement with known successful UGR/EGS examples around the world. Plan for future joint research project rather than as a contents of the Handbook to be published soon. Should the BP Hand book contain only published material???

26. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1b) Criterions (key parameters): Heat flow; Stress field; Hydraulic information; Structural features; Mineralogy, Petrophysics, Geochemistry rock type - impact on drilling; population density; Seismic risk An energetic engineer needs 2 or 3 parameters: Ultimate criterions: Temperature, pressure Flow rate Water chemistry (less important) The rest of the parameters, just help to determine these 2-3 parameters. How do we can quantify these parameters? a) From case studies, b) From modelling.

27. Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook (1b) Criterions (key parameters): Heat flow; Stress field; Hydraulic information; Structural features; Mineralogy, Petrophysics, Geochemistry rock type - impact on drilling; population density; Seismic risk “Generalization" of the parameters? Table for different reservoirs (type of environment) and the values of the parameters in the different type of reservoirs are given.