Chapter 22

1. The Vietnam War Chapter 22

2. 20 years Five presidents 164 billion dollars 58,132 Americans died/2million Vietnamese 150,000 Americans wounded 21,000 permanently disabled 3 million Americans served (avg. age 19) 100,000 fled U.S. to avoid conflict 830,000 PTSD reports The Vietnam War

3. U.S. had the latest military technology Could not defeat a poorly equipped peasant army Why not?? Vietnamese fighting for their independence Very difficult conditions to fight under (enemy, weather, terrain, etc) Vietnam War

4. Depends on who you ask……………. • Americans— • Cold War • Stop spread of communism • Domino Theory • Political reasons Causes of Vietnam War

5. Vietnamese— • Imperialism • Western greed • Resources • Desire for independence/self rule • Internal Civil War Causes of Vietnam War

6. Nearly 2000 years old Imperialized for nearly all its existence China controlled Vietnam for 1,000 years Referred to the area as Indo China (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) 1858 Vietnam occupied by France 1940 Vietnam occupied by Japan 1945 Vietnam reoccupied by France History of Vietnam

7. IndoChina

8. Indochinese Communist Party • Formed in 1930 • Leader: Ho Chi Minh (he who enlightens) • Planned for Vietnam’s independence movement • Group combined with other nationalist groups and became the Vietminh

9. Vietminh • Vietnamese Nationalists • Determined to gain independence • France had no intention of giving up its rule • Pres. Truman sent 15 million in aid to France • Eventually paid for most of France’s war (2.6 billion) to defeat Vietminh

10. France Defeated • Dien Bien Phu falls to Vietminh • May, 1954 France surrenders and pulls out of Vietnam • Despite massive U.S. aid

11. Geneva Accords • May-July 1954 • Meeting in Geneva, Switzerland • France, G.B., S.U., U.S., China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietminh, S.V. anti-communists • Agree to temporarily divide Vietnam at 17th parallel until elections held in 1956

12. Division of Vietnam • Communist North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh (Hanoi Capital) • Anti-Communist South Vietnam under Ngo Dinh Diem (Saigon capital) • Elections to be held in 1956: let the people decide who they want to lead Vietnam

13. Time for Election • Ho very popular (land reforms) • Diem hated by many (anti-Buddhist) • Very corrupt, oppressive gov’t. • Diem cancels elections in 1956

14. Guerilla Warfare • Vietcong (Communist group formed in South Vietnam) • Teamed up with Vietminh in North Vietnam to fight against Diem’s Army • U.S. assisting Diem (military advisors, financial aid, etc.)

15. 1963: A Very Bad Year • Diem’s army near defeat to communists • Nov. 1, 1963: Diem assassinated (military coup) • Nov. 22, 1963: Kennedy assassinated • JFK said “in the final analysis, it’s their war”

16. Lyndon Johnson’s Vietnam • Communists close to uniting Vietnam under one rule • LBJ does not want to be perceived as “soft on communism” • Election of 1964 approaching in U.S. • Appoints Gen. William Westmoreland as commander of U.S. forces in S.V.

17. Am. Soldiers committed to combat • Gulf of Tonkin Incident • Aug. 2, 1964 • LBJ accuses N.V. of an unprovoked attack on USS Maddock patrolling off coast of Vietnam • “alleged” attacks prompted Johnson to strike back

18. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Aug. 7, 1964: Congress adopts this resolution (close to a declaration of war) • Gave Johnson the power to take “all necessary measures to repeal any armed attack against U.S. forces”

19. Operation Rolling Thunder • Feb. 1965: first sustained bombing of N.V. • U.S. air force conducted avg. of 5,500 bombing missions per month • Goal: break N.V. will to fight and force a surrender

20. The War Escalates • June 1965: 50,000 U.S. soldiers in S.V. • Gen. Westmoreland asks for more soldiers to assist S.V. (ARVN) • 1965: 61% Ams. Support the war/24% oppose it • Johnson told we could win the war in 2 yrs. Max.

21. War Escalates • 1967: 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam • Death toll at 9,000 Ams. • Johnson pledged that victory is near • Westmoreland’s strategy for defeating Vietcong: destroy their morale. Introduced “body count”

22. Guerilla warfare (no front lines) Jungle terrain Landmines, booby traps, underground tunnels, heat, rain, leeches, secret supply routes Hit-n-run tactics Difficult to identify the enemy Underestimated the enemy’s resolve to fight A Difficult War to Fight

23. Difficult conditions • Vietcong aided by China and Soviet Union • Televised war (little censorship) • High drug use and addiction • Racism among troops • Heavy use of chemicals (agent orange, napalm)

24. American support declines • 1967: morale low among soldiers • Public support waivers • Credibility gap growing • Active protests on college campuses • Thousands searching for ways to avoid the draft (ages 18-26)

25. Anti-War Protests • College campus demonstrations increasing • Musicians singing anti-war songs • Burning draft cards • Conscientious Objectors (opposed war on moral or religious grounds)

26. 1968: A Tumultuous Year! • Jan. 30, 1968: Tet, the Vietnamese New Year was traditionally celebrated by a cease-fire. • Instead 80,000 NVA + Vietcong launched an attack on key cities in S.V., 12 Am. Bases, & U.S. Embassy.

27. Results of Tet Offensive • Four weeks of fighting to regain control of areas in S.V. • Vietcong deaths:32,000 • U.S. & ARVN deaths: 3,000 • Military victory • Psychological defeat

28. Credibility Gap Grows Walter Cronkite • Polls showed a majority of Ams. No longer supported Johnson’s policies in Vietnam • Johnson had 60% disapproval rating • Sect. State McNamara resigned • Media openly criticizing the war now Effects of Tet Offensive

29. President Johnson’s announcement • Mar. 31, 1968: “I shall not seek and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term of President” • V.P. Hubert Humphrey announces his candidacy for Demo. Party

30. 2 Major Assassinations: Democratic National Convention • April 4: Martin Luther King assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee • June 4: Robert Kennedy, top contender for Presidency in 1968, assassinated in Los Angeles Hotel 1968: A Very Bad Year

31. Democratic National Convention 1968 • Held in Chicago (Aug) • Several democratic candidates seeking the nomination • 10,000 protestors showed up. Wanted democrats to adopt anti-war platform • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Yippies (Youth International Party)

32. Results of Chicago Riots • Riots broke out in Chicago • Mayor of Chicago ordered 12,000 police officers and 5,000 national guardsmen • Images captured made Democrats look bad. • Nixon (Rep.) triumphs from this

33. Hubert Humphrey: Demo. Candidate (V.P. under Johnson) Richard Nixon: Republican Candidate (V.P. under Eisenhower) George Wallace: Am. Independent Party (Gov. Alabama) Ran on platform of school segregation and state’s rights Election of 1968

34. Election of 1968

35. Election of 1968

36. Hubert Humphrey George Wallace Election of 1968

37. Election of 1968

38. Nixon won by 800,000 more votes Promised “an honorable end to the war” “Peace with Honor” Announces his “Vietnamization Plan”: gradual withdraw of U.S. troops in order for S.V. army to take control of war Goal was to maintain dignity in face of withdraw from war Nixon’s War

39. Protests continue • College campuses continue to protest the war • Nixon hates these protests (hippies) • Appeals to “the silent majority”: moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly supported the president’s strategies.

40. My Lai Massacre • Nov. 1969 New York Times reported on incident that occurred in March, 1968 • Charlie Company (120 men) under Lt. William Calley, Jr. entered small village in northern S.V. • Orders to kill everyone in village (Vietcong rebels)

41. My Lai Massacre • No signs of Vietcong in village • Carried out the orders and proceeded to kill over 500 villagers (old men, women, children) • Lt. Calley charged and convicted of war crimes (Nixon reduced sentence to 3 yrs. House arrest)