Plant Form and Function Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

1. Plant Form and FunctionAngiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Plant biology, perhaps the oldest branch of science, is driven by a combination of curiosity and need curiosityabout how plants work needto apply this knowledge judiciously to feed, clothe, and house a burgeoning human population.

2. Plant Reproduction Alternation of Generations • Sporophyte (diploid) • produces haploid spores via meiosis • Gametophyte (haploid) • produce haploid gametes via mitosis • Fertilization • joins two gametes to form a zygote

3. Angiosperms • Monocots and Dicots • named for the number of cotyledons present on the embryo of the plant • Monocots • Orchids • Palms • Lilies • Grasses • Dicots • Roses • Beans • Sunflowers • Oaks

4. Angiosperm Life Cycle • Sporophyte (diploid) • actual plant with flowers • Gametophyte (haploid) • male: germinated pollen grain • female: embryo sac • Fertilization • joins two gametes to form a zygote

5. Moss Life Cycle • Gametophyte • dominant generation • has both sexes and produces gametes • archegonia (eggs) • antheridia (sperm) • Fertilization • sperm move along moss to find archegonia • Sporophyte • grows on top of gametophyte • sporangia is where spores are produced by meiosis

6. Fern Life Cycle • Sporophyte • produce spores via meiosis • spores develop into young gametophyte • Gametophyte • has both sexes and produces gametes • archegonia (eggs) • antheridia (sperm) • Fertilization • similar to mosses

7. Gymnosperm Life Cycle • Sporophyte • produce gametophytes inside of cones • Pollen cone (male) • produces microspore via meiosis • Ovulate cone (female) • produces megaspores via meiosis • Fertilization • pollen grains discharge sperm into egg

8. Male and Female Gametophyte of Flowering Plant • Male Gametophyte • pollen grain • microspores produced within the anther • divide once to produce two sperm cells • FemaleGametophye • embryo sac • megaspore produced within the ovule • divide to produce three egg cells and 2 polar nuclei

9. Double Fertilization Pollen grain lands on stigma Pollen tube toward ovule Both sperm discharged down the tube Egg and one of the sperm produce zygote 2 polar nuclei and sperm cell produce endosperm Ovule becomes the seed coat Ovary becomes the fruit

10. Seed Structure and Development

11. Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization Stigma Stigma Pin flower Thrum flower Anther with pollen The most common anti-selfing mechanism in flowering plant is known as self-incompatibility, the ability of a plant to reject its own pollen

12. Foliage leaves Cotyledon Epicotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon Cotyledon Hypocotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Seed coat Emerging Plant The radicle is the first organ to emerge from the germinating seed In many eudicots a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground

13. Foliage leaves Coleoptile Coleoptile Radicle Emerging Plant Monocots use a different method for breaking ground when they germinate The coleoptile Pushes upward through the soil and into the air