Technology in Architecture

1. Technology in Architecture Lecture 10 Mechanical Systems

2. Mechanical Systems

3. Mechanical Systems Organize the Information • Rank the energy use • Design the building envelope/Define the thermal zones • Verify code compliance • Define the HVAC system requirements • Select the system(s) • Locate primary equipment • Locate secondary equipment • Locate distribution outlets • Locate distribution paths Architect Engineer Architect/Engineer/Other Trades

4. Ranking the Energy Use Verify daylight/sunshine availability Verify costs of energy Verify programmatic uses of energy (HVAC, Lighting, DHW, Process) Verify cost incentive opportunities

5. Design the Building Envelope Evaluate passive thermal opportunities Confirm material availability Define tectonics Select fenestration and shading systems Jewett Art Center, Paul Rudolph

6. Design the Thermal Zones Recognize passive solar opportunities and constraints

7. Design the Thermal Zones Organize program to recognize • Function • Schedule • Orientation • Building Form • Building Envelope • Support Systems

8. Thermal Zones—Functions Organize program to recognize: • Space usage and occupancy needs • Temperature/humidity requirements • Thermal inter-relationships

9. Thermal Zones—Schedule Organize program to accommodate diverse schedules • Time of day for compatible uses • Interaction/noninteraction of uses

10. Thermal Zones — Orientation Organize program to use orientation to enhance opportunities for: • Direct sun • Daylight • Microclimates Banff Aquatic Center, Alberta, CN

11. Thermal Zones — Building Form Organize program to reflect building form • Load dominance • Self-shading Price Tower, Frank Lloyd Wright

12. Thermal Zones — Building Envelope Organize program to recognize opportunities for: • Single skin • Double skin

13. Thermal Zones—Support Systems Organize program to recognize support systems effects: • Centralized vs. decentralized • Distribution paths • Raised floor/ceiling plenum • Controls S: p. 433, F.10.48

14. Support Systems — Controls Control systems: • Thermostats • Building automation systems

15. Controls — Thermostats Thermostats: • Do not locate on exterior wall • Do not locate in direct sun • Do not locate in direct path of HVAC discharge • Do not include portions of separate rooms • Locate in the zone it controls • Locate in return air ducts

16. Controls—Automated Building automation systems • User access to override features • Centralized control station vs individual control S: p. 430, F.10.45

17. Verify Code Compliance ASHRAE 90.1—Energy Code for Nonresidential Buildings ASHRAE 90.2—Energy Code for Residential Buildings ASHRAE 62-2001—Ventilation Code

18. Define HVAC System Requirements Space conditions for temperature & humidity Condition ranges & tolerances Summer & Winter design conditions

19. Select Systems Based on: • Performance capabilities • Space psychrometric criteria • Construction cost • Operating Cost Solar Heliostats Solar Power(ful)

20. Locate Primary Equipment Primary equipment uses raw energy to generate heating and cooling media (chilled water, hot water, or steam) • Boilers • Chillers • Cooling Towers • Accessory equipment (pumps, tanks, etc) • Thermal storage systems

21. Locate Primary Equipment Location factors • Service access at grade or below grade with truck dock • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security • Future expansion of mechanical plant LNCO Mechanical Room (during construction)

22. Locate Primary Equipment Location factors • Service access at grade or below grade with truck dock • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security • Future expansion of mechanical plant S: p. 380, F.10.2a

23. Locate Secondary Equipment Secondary equipment uses generated media to distribute conditioned air or water to individual thermal zones • Air handling units (with coils) • Heat exchangers • Accessory equipment Marriott Library Fan Room

24. Locate Secondary Equipment Location factors • Adjacent to/within zone served • Service access • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security S: p. 380, F10.2

25. Locate Secondary Equipment Location factors • Adjacent to/within zone served • Service access • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security S: p. 380, F.10.2a

26. Locate Secondary Equipment Location factors • Adjacent to/within zone served • Service access • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security S: p. 380, F.10.2b

27. Locate Secondary Equipment Location factors • Adjacent to/within zone served • Service access • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security S: p. 380, F.10.2c

28. Locate Secondary Equipment Location factors • Adjacent to/within zone served • Service access • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security S: p. 380, F.10.2d

29. Locate Secondary Equipment Location factors • Adjacent to/within zone served • Service access • Size/Volume • Noise • Fire safety • Security

30. Locate Distribution Outlets Distribution occurs via: • Air diffusers/ registers • Perimeter radiation • Panel radiation (floor or ceiling) LNCO Dean’s Office Ceiling Space

31. Locate Distribution Paths Connect distribution outlets to secondary equipment LNCO Fan Room

32. Locate Distribution Paths Ductwork and piping can be located in vertically aligned chases or in ceiling space over corridors Architect is responsible for locating access panels where needed G. H. Schettler House

33. Locate Distribution Paths Connect secondary equipment to primary equipment Use vertical and horizontal zoning to coordinate trades

34. Locate Distribution Paths Coordinate all trades for service access and space allocations Equipment and access panels should be located away from occupied space when possible LNCO System Distribution Coordination

35. Distribution Paths Interstitial floors for mechanical-electrical systems may be used to eliminate service/ user interaction UM Hospital Campus