Programming C for Engineers

1. Programming C for Engineers • An exercise is posted on the web site! • Due in one week • Single submission

2. Selection Statements • Selects statements to execute based on the value of an expression • The expression is sometimes called the controlling expression • Selection statements: • if statement • switch statement

3. Selection statements: if • used to execute conditionally a statement or block of code. if(expression) statement • If expression is true, statement is executed (what is true?). • statement can be replaced by a block of statements, enclosed in curly braces.

4. An example /* This program displays the absolute value of a number given by the user */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { double num; printf("Please enter a real number: "); scanf("%lf", &num); if (num<0) num = -num; printf("The absolute value is %g\n", num); return 0; }

5. if-else statement if (expression) statement1 else statement2 • if expression is true, statement1 is executed. • if expression is false, statement2 is executed • both statements can be (and very often are) replaced by blocks of statements (“compound statements”)

6. An example (fragment) int first, second, min; /* … */ if (first < second) { min = first; printf ("The first number is smaller than the second.\n"); } else { min = second; printf ("The second number is smaller than the first\n"); } printf("The smaller number is equal to %d\n", min);

7. True or false • In C, every expression has a numeric value • An expression is ‘true’ when its value is non-zero • If it is zero, it is false • Therefore, in the following – if (expression) statement statement is executed if expression is non zero.

8. More about operators • In C, every expression has a numeric value • When using arithmetical operators (+, -, *, /) this is straightforward • The value of A+B is the sum of A and B • And so on…

9. More about operators • Expressions with relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, etc.) have values as well (intuitively, we are used to thinking about them as ‘true’ or ‘false’) • A < B evaluates to zero if A is larger than or equal to B, and some non-zero value if A is smaller than B • The exact non-zero value varies (and is not important for that matter)

10. Relational operators • They are: • A == B (Note the difference from A = B!!!!!) • A != B • A < B • A > B • A <= B • A >= B • The value of the expression is non-zero if it’s true, zero if it’s false

11. An example int a, b; printf("Enter two numbers\n"); scanf("%d%d", &a, &b); if (a == b) { printf("The numbers equal %d\n", a); printf("The expression a == b is %d\n", a == b); } else { printf("The numbers are not equal\n"); printf("The expression a == b is %d\n", a == b); }

12. The assignment operator = • The assignment operator is also an operator. Hence, expressions involving it have a numeric value. • This value equals to whatever appears on the right of the assignment operator • For example: • (x = 4) evaluates to 4 • (y = 0) evaluates to 0

13. A very common mistake • Very often a programmer might confuse between the equality operator and the assignment operator: • if (x==4) … • if (x=4) … • The second is usually a mistake, but legal in C so the compiler doesn’t warn us about it!

14. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); }

15. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); }

16. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); } i= 2

17. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); }

18. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); } (i==4) = 0

19. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); }

20. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); } i= 2

21. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); }

22. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); } (i=4) = 4

23. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); }

24. Example /* This program exemplifies the difference between the equality relational operator and the assignment operator. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 2; printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i==4) = %d\n", i==4); printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("(i=4) = %d\n", i=4); printf("i = %d\n", i); } i= 4

25. Logical operators • Allows to evaluate two or more expressions - • !A – ‘not’ - True when A is not, and vice versa. • A && B – ‘and’ - True when both A and B are true • A || B – ‘or’ (inclusive or) - True when either A or B (or both) are true

26. A silly example #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int grade; printf("Please enter your grade: "); scanf("%d", &grade); if (grade < 0 || grade > 100) printf("This is not a valid grade!\n"); else printf("This is indeed a grade.\n"); return 0; }

27. else if • if statements distinguish between exactly 2 cases and execute different code in each case • The else-if construction allows for a multi-way decision

28. else if if (expression) statement else if (expression) statement elseif (expression) statement else statement

29. An example if (grade >= 90) printf ("A\n"); else if (grade >= 80) printf ("B\n"); else if (grade >= 70) printf ("C\n"); else if (grade >= 60) printf ("D\n"); else printf ("F\n");

30. Validating input • When getting input from the user, it is highly recommended to check whether it is valid. • If it’s not, you should display an appropriate message and return a non-zero value. • For example – if (grade < 0 || grade > 100) { printf(“Invalid input!\n”); return 1; }

31. The return keyword • For now, used to terminate the program and return a value to the operating system • If the program is successful the return value should be zero; non-zero otherwise • The exact nature of this keyword will become clear in the future

32. Exercise • Input – • An English letter • Output – • If input is a lowercase letter – the corresponding uppercase letter • If input is an uppercase letter - corresponding lowercase letter • Notes – • You do not need the specific ASCII values!! • Remember to check for input validity!

33. Solution #include <stdio.h> int main( ) { char c; printf("Please enter an english letter: "); scanf("%c", &c); if (c <= 'z' && c >= 'a') printf("%c in uppercase is %c\n", c, c-'a'+'A'); else if (c <= 'Z' && c >= 'A') printf("%c in lowercase is %c\n", c, c-'A'+'a'); else { printf("%c is not an english letter!\n", c); return 1; } return 0; }

34. The ?: operator • expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 • Nicer way to write: • (expr1)? expr2 : expr3 • If expr1 is true (non-zero), expr2 is evaluated. Otherwise, expr3 is evaluated

35. The ?: operator #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i, j, min; printf("Please enter two numbers: "); scanf("%d%d", &i, &j); min = (i < j)? i : j; printf("The minimum between %d and %d is %d\n", i, j, min); return 0; }

36. The switch statement • a multiway conditional statement • similar to if-else if-else • allows the selection of an arbitrary number of choices based on an integer value • switch (expression) {case const-expr: statementscase const-expr: statements…default:statements}

37. The switch statement • expression must have an integer value • when the switch statement is executed: • the expression is evaluated • if a case matches the value of the expression, the program jumps to the first statement after that case label • otherwise, the default case is selected • the default is optional

38. That grade example again switch (grade/10) { case 10: case 9: printf ("A\n"); break; case 8: printf ("B\n"); break; case 7: printf ("C\n"); break; case 6: printf ("D\n"); break; default: printf ("F\n"); }

39. Give me a break • when the switch transfers to the chosen case, it starts executing statements at that point • it will “fall through” to the next case unless you “break out” • break causes the program to immediately jump to the next statement after the switch statement

40. A more interesting example #include <stdio.h> int main( ){ double n1, n2, res; char op; printf("Please enter two numbers: "); scanf("%lf%lf", &n1, &n2); printf("Please enter an arithmetical operator (+, -, * or /): "); scanf(" %c", &op); /* The space before the %c will be explained... */

41. A more interesting example switch(op) { case '+': res = n1+n2; break; case '-': res = n1-n2; break; case '*': res = n1*n2; break; case '/': /* We're not checking for division by zero for clarity... */ res = n1/n2; break; default: printf("%c is an invalid arithmetical operator!\n", op); return 1; } /* Display the expression and its result */ printf("%g %c %g = %g\n", n1, op, n2, res); return 0; }

42. Exercise • Write a program that accepts a number between 1 and 100 from the user. If there is a coin of that value in cents, it should display its name. Otherwise, it should report that there is no such coin • 1 = cent, 5 = nickel, 10 = dime, 25 = quarter, 100 = dollar • Remember to check for the validity of the input!

43. Solution /#include <stdio.h> int main() { int num; printf("Please enter a number from 1 to 100: "); scanf("%d", &num); /* Make sure the input is valid */ if (num<1 || num>100){ printf("Invalid input!\n"); return 1; } /* Display the correct coin name, or a default message if there's no such coin */ switch (num) { case 1: printf("It's a cent!\n"); break; case 5: printf("It's a nickel!\n"); break; case 10: printf("It's a dime!\n"); break; case 25: printf("It's a quarter!\n"); break; case 100: printf("It's a whole dollar!\n"); break; default: printf("It's not a coin!\n"); } return 0; }

44. Debugging • It is virtually impossible to program without errors • Syntax errors are detected by the compiler • However, often a program has no syntax errors and compiles, but still doesn’t perform as desired

45. Debugging • Debuggers are software tools designed to help find software bugs • Both Visual C and the lcc compiler include a debugger

46. Debugging • The debugger allows us to – • Execute the program one line at a time • At each step see the values of all variables and expressions • Run the program up to a pre-specified point • And more…