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3. PENGARUH TOKSIKAN

3. PENGARUH TOKSIKAN. Ingat bagaimana besar/kecil d osis pada organisme?. Konsentrasi toksik di lingkungan Sifat toksik L ama waktu pemaparan Frekuensi waktu pemaparan Jalur terpaparnya organisme. Efek toksik tergantung pada : Sifat resistensi organisme Tingkat dosis Respon .

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3. PENGARUH TOKSIKAN

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  1. 3. PENGARUH TOKSIKAN

  2. Ingat bagaimana besar/kecil dosis pada organisme?

  3. Konsentrasi toksik di lingkungan • Sifat toksik • Lama waktu pemaparan • Frekuensi waktu pemaparan • Jalur terpaparnya organisme • Efek toksik tergantung pada : • Sifat resistensi organisme • Tingkat dosis • Respon

  4. Change from normal state • Local vs. Systemic • Reversible vs. Irreversible • Immediate vs. Delayed • Graded vs. Quantal Ingat jenis respon Organisme terhadap toksik? • Efek toksik secara umum : • Organism stress  affecting organism behaviour • Physiological changes • Slowing the rate of growth • Affect lifespan and suppress survival • Affect the structure of the general population • Affect the comparison of sex and dominance of species affect population size due to: death, effects on reproduction, growth rate • Affect community structure

  5. Respon Organisme

  6. Respon biokimia Toksik yang masuk ke dalam tubuh di respon oleh sistem enzim/protein

  7. (Walker et al., 2004)

  8. Respon fisiologi • neurophysiological, behavioural and reproductive effects : • inter-related • neurological changes can affect behaviour, changes in behaviour can affect reproduction Efek letal  efek populasi • trigger certain biochemical responses : • evolvedeither to break the chemical down • store it in such a way that it is ‘hidden’ withina compartment, preventing interference with essentialbiochemical reactions within the cell • When pollutants are ingested by organisms, or passinto the blood across respiratory epithelia or the • external surface of the body : • ‘compartmentalized’in particular organs within thebody • may be accidental or deliberate.

  9. (Walker et al., 2004)

  10. (Walker et al., 2004)

  11. Possible mechanisms for the entry of bioavailable metal ions from the surrounding medium into the cells of bivalves (modified from Simkiss & Taylor, 1989 in http://www.ehu.es/europeanclass2003/biological_aspects_of_metal_accu.htm)

  12. (Bangun, 2005)

  13.  Photo of a tissue section through the digestive organ of a mussel after 12 hours of exposure  (von Moos, 2012)

  14. (Rudnicki et al, 2009)

  15. Photographs showing the transvers section of fish, Tilabiamossambica exposed to sublethal concentration of mercury plus chromium (Dwivedi et al, 2012)

  16. Photographs showing the transvers section of fish, Latescalcarifer exposed to sublethal concentration of mercury plus chromium (Dwivedi et al, 2012)

  17. Respon interaktif Respon yang terjadi bila terdapat interaksi 2 jenis polutan yang berbeda Antagonis gabungan 2 jenis polutan mengakibatkan efek ‘saling menghilangkan/mengurangi’ pada toksik Sinergis gabungan 2 jenis polutan mengakibatkan efek aditif pada toksik

  18. Potentiation : when the toxicity of a mixture oftwo compounds exceeds the summation of toxicities of the individual components • Potentiation of toxicity : • The verticalaxis = the degree of toxic effect compound • The horizontal axis = composition of themixture • The maximum dose of compounds A and Bboth give the same degree of toxic response X (Walker et al., 2004)

  19. Sumber : suffet, 1977b; Van Esch, 1977; Ochme, 1978; Laws, 1981, Moore dan Ramamorty, 1984; Mance, 1990; Ferguson, 1990 in Sanusi dan Putranto, 2009

  20. Aktifitas Toksikan Membran : permeable terhadap nonionized  nonionized substance lebih toksik dibanding ionized substance • solid, liquid, or gas • soluble in water or lipid • organic or inorganic • ionized or nonionized • Perubahan temperatur : mempengaruhi DO dan kecepatan reaksi kimia • Perubahan kelembaban : mempengaruhi kesensitifan dan fisiologi organisme • Perubahan cahaya : mempengaruhi adaptasi terutama pada produsen primer • Lead to manifestation of effects • Synergistic, potentiative, or antagonistic depending on the chemicals and the physiological condition of the organism • temperature, light, and humidity

  21. Toksisitas Tropis vs Temperate

  22. Uji Toksisitas • Dasar uji toksisitas : • Respon organisme terhadap toksikan • Prinsip dosis-respon

  23. Faktor Biokonsentrasi • Adalah Rasio (l / kg) konsentrasi zat dalam jaringan organisme akuatik pada konsentrasi dalam air • Dapat juga ditentukan melalui pembagian kecepatan pemasukan dengan kecepatan pengeluaran

  24. (van der Oost et al., 2003)

  25. (Environment Agency, 2011) (Vassiliki dan Konstantina, 1984 dalam A.B. Falusi et al., 2007 )

  26. Ku = laju penyerapan (μg/l/jam) Kd = laju eliminasi (μg/l/jam) Cf1 = konsentrasi toksikan dalam tubuh ikan pada awal pengamatan (μg/kg) Cf2 = konsentrasi toksikan dalam tubuh ikan pada waktu t pengamatan (μg/kg) Cw = konsentrasi rataan toksikan dalam air selama penyerapan(μg/l) t = waktu pengamatan (jam) BCF = Biokonsentrasi Faktor (Montanes dan Hattum, 1995)

  27. contoh (Amriani et al., 2011)

  28. (Amriani et al., 2011)

  29. TUGAS • Buat makalah : mengenai pengaruh akumulasi polutan terhadap sistem fisiologi dan morfologi organisme laut • Syarat makalah : • Tema makalah tidak boleh sama setiap individu • Jurnal min 5 buah  jurnal internasional min 2 • Tidak boleh menggunakan wikipedia atau blogspot • Diketik A4 margin 3-3-3-3, spasi 1.15, arial 11 • Dikumpulkan tgl 11 Oktober 2013 11.00

  30. Bersambung ... http://biosanctuary.com/

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