Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 Amanda Li New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

2. Instructions • There are a few of methods to use this power point, • Timeline : gives a timeline of famous thinkers • Terms and People: Terms and People the abridged version • TL;DR/Laconic : extremely brief recap of the chapter • All of these options will be presented on the index, feel free to use more than one method. • Please use the buttons at the bottom of the screen to navigate. You will not be able to navigate the power point by clicking anywhere on the slide. • Home button brings you to the index • The arrows navigate each section • Press the ESC key on the keyboard to leave presentation mode

3. Index • Click the button next to each section to be brought to the section. • Timeline • Terms and People • TL;DR/Laconic

4. 1500 Timeline Hyperlinked words lead to a definition on the Terms and People page. 1543 Copernicus publishes On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres, 1400-1700 A resurgence in Witch hunts occurs 1550

5. 1550 Timeline ~1570 Brahe makes a large body of astronomical observations and data 1600

6. 1600 Timeline ~1610 Galileo makes observations of the heavens with telescopes and works under the Medici. ~1640 Pascal theorizes on religion and science. ~1605-1637 Bacon Publishes books like The Advancement if Learning, NovumOrganum, and New Atlantis. 1633 Galileo is tried for disobeying a church mandate on advocating Copernicus’ ideas and is sentenced to house arrest 1637 Descartes publishes Discourse on Method 1609 Kepler publishes The New Astronomy 1650

7. 1650 Timeline 1666 & 1668 Cavendish publishes Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, Description of a New World, called the Blazing World and Grounds of Natural Philosophy ~1690 Locke writes his Treaties on Government, Letters Concerning Toleration, and Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1660 The Royal Society of London is founded 1687 Isaac Newton Publishes Principia Mathematica 1651 Hobbes publishes Leviathan 1700 1726 Jonathan Swift Publishes Gulliver’s Travels 1702 Winkelmann discovers a comet

8. Terms and People • 1-Scientific Revolution • The Scientific Revolution was a general term used to describe a complex movement that involved new and old ideas that changed the way people think, helped establish new social structures for science, and the basic establishment of modern science. • 2-”Scientists” • The term scientist wasn’t coined yet, and the people who we would now consider “scientists” went about their business a lot differently as modern science was only at its inception at this time. • 3-Natural Philosophy • Natural Philosophy refers to the study of nature and the universe before the development of modern science. • 4-Nicholas Copernicus • Copernicus was an astronomer, famous for writing On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres, a text that encouraged further criticism on the geocentric model. • 5-Geocentric v. Heliocentric • The Geocentric model was a model of the universe that held that the Earth was the center of the universe while the heliocentric model held that the sun was the center.

9. Terms and People • 6-Ptolemaic System • The Ptolemaic system was that the standard for planetary motion in the late 15th century. It held a geocentric view, and that the celestial bodies moved on spheres above Earth. • 7-Epicycles • Epicycles were used to explain retrograde motion in the Ptolemaic system. Planets moved in circles called epicycles, which in turn moved around a deferent, or another, larger circle with the Earth at the center. • 8-Tycho Brahe • Tycho Brahe was best known for his extremely detailed, extensive, and accurate observations and astronomical data. • 9-Johannes Kepler • Kepler used Brahe’s data to support his heliocentric view of the universe. By using Brahe’s data, he came to the conclusions that planets moved in ellipses, as opposed to spheres or circles. He created the first model that portrayed the path of the planets. • 10-Ellipses • Ellipses are similar to ovals in shape. Kepler discovered that Brahe’s astronomical data suggested that planets had ellipsoid orbits rather than spherical or circular ones.

10. Terms and People • 11-Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was an astronomer and mathematician. He refined and used the telescope to view the heavens. He also used his rhetorical skills to argue for a heliocentric model, and introduced the importance of an argument’s presentation and evidence. He also argued that the universe was mathematical. • 12-Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was best known for his Principia Mathematica, which theorized that all of the planets moved due to mutual attraction, aka gravity. This explained the orderly nature of planetary motion. He also believed in empiricism. • 13-Mechanism/Divine Clock The idea of a Divine Clock/ Mechanism was meant to explain the universe as similar to clockwork, in which God is a “divine clockmaker”. This idea holds that nature is mechanical and that understanding nature would be with mathematical means. • 14-Sir Francis Bacon/Induction Sir Francis Bacon is typically seen as the father of empiricism. His contributions to the Scientific revolution mostly rest in creating an environment that encouraged scientific work. He felt thinker should seek out new understanding of nature, as opposed to relying on tradition. He also felt that knowledge should have practical applications. • 15-Empericism • Empiricism refers to gathering data and observations from experiments to reach a conclusion.

11. Terms and People • 16-Rene Descartes/Deduction • Rene Descartes favored deduction and mathematical models in studying nature. His book, Discourse on Method held that God existed, and that God guaranteed clear ideas, and therefore, humans could comprehend the world. His methods later lost their appeal to the scientific world. • 17-”I think therefore I am” • “I think therefore I am” was a famous quote from Rene Descartes. This quote reflects Descartes’ belief that that he cannot doubt his own thinking, and since he thinks, he therefore exists • 18-Thomas Hobbes • Hobbes was a political philosopher most famous for his Leviathan; in this book he stated that humans are inherently selfish and egotistical and that only by entering into a social contract by giving up personal to a commonwealth could they gain peace and protection. Through his social contact idea, he advocates a lack of personal expression and absolute governments. • 19-John Locke • John Locke was another political philosopher. He believed that governments must be responsible for the concerns of the governed, and that humans should be free, equal, and enjoy personal rights. He advocated for limited authority and tolerance. He was also responsible for the idea of tabula rasa. • 20-Social Contract • The Social Contract was a Hobbes-ian idea that since people were inherently flawed, they needed to sacrifice personal rights to an authoritative government that would in turn provide peace and protection.

12. Terms and People • 21-”Tabula Rosa” • Tabula Rasa refers to the Lock-iean idea that everybody was born as a “blank slate” and that their personality and other traits were determined by their environment. • 22-Royal Society of London • The Royal Society of London was a university type institution that allowed the gathering, sharing, and distribution of new ideas among its members. These types of institutions allowed many people with different ideas and viewpoints to collaborate; it also encouraged practical application of new ideas. • 23-Johnathon Swift • Jonathan Swift is most famous for Gulliver’s Travels, a satire on scientific societies. He felt that the promise scientific studies held wouldn’t be realized and that some scientists were wholly unrealistic with their lofty aims. • 24-Margaret Cavendish • Margret Cavendish was most famous for being a prominent female figure in 17th century science, which was rare, given the misogyny at the time. She criticized the Royal Society for being impractical. She also encouraged women to participate int eh science. • 25-Maria Winkelmann • Winkelmann was another prominent female scientist, she worked with her husband and was recognized for her talents. However, when her husband died, the Berlin Academy of Sciences denied her the right to continue his work.

13. Terms and People • 26-Galileo’s Case • Galileo published his views about how scripture should be interpreted to better suit new science. The Church at this time was adamant on a literal interpretation of the Bible, due to the perceived threat of Protestants. After Galileo was given permission to discuss he Copernican theory, he published a book defending the Copernician view. This enraged Pope Urban VIII, resulting in Galileo’s house arrest. • 27-Blaise Pascal • Pascal was a mathematician who believed that science and faith were two different subjects and that a leap of faith was required in matters of religion. • 28-Physcio-Theology • Physico-Theology refers to a belief in the reconciliation of science and religion. This was based in the belief that God created a rational natural world, and that therefore, God was also rational. • 29-Witch Hunts • Witch Hunts had a resurgence in popularity due to the diminishing of religion due to new ways of thought, misogyny, and traditional beliefs. • 30-Malificium • Malificium was the term for “bad magic” and witchcraft. People were sentenced to death and punishment for allegedly performing this type of magic.

14. Terms and People • 31-Cunning Folk • Cunning folk were people who consoled villagers that calamities and natural disasters could be adverted through magic. Cunning Folk were often women, who claimed to have powers to augment their diminished position in society. • 32-Mysogyny • Many traditional beliefs of women in Europe in this time promoted misogyny. Women commonly held a lower social rank than men, despite their talents and abilities.

15. TL;DR/Laconic • Many new ideas and discoveries in the 16th-17th century from a group of individuals resulted in the gradual change from Natural Philosophy to Modern Science.

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