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Biofuels: LCA and the CDM - how you make it matters -

Biofuels: LCA and the CDM - how you make it matters -. QUEST Workshop – Sustainable Forestry & Climate Mitigation Bristol University 25 th and 26 th July 2005. Dr Jeremy Woods (ICEPT) & Gareth Brown (Themba Technology Ltd.) E-mail: jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 7315.

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Biofuels: LCA and the CDM - how you make it matters -

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  1. Biofuels: LCA and the CDM- how you make it matters - QUEST Workshop – Sustainable Forestry & Climate Mitigation Bristol University 25th and 26th July 2005 Dr Jeremy Woods (ICEPT) & Gareth Brown (Themba Technology Ltd.) E-mail: jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 7315

  2. Overview • Background: policy and science • context: UK Transport Sector • System Boundaries • ~ baselines • Coping with uncertainty • Whole Chain • Farm GHG emissions & Energy inputs • Conclusions • Next steps? jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  3. Key References: • UK-LCVP Consensus report (Rickeard et al, 2004: • ExxonMobil / British Sugar / Imperial College / North Energy / CONCAWE/JRC rpt • RTFs: Woods & Bauen (2003) and Mortimer et al (2003, 2004)… • CSL Energy Crop – environmental footprint. (Turley et al, 2005) • UK Transport Emissions Projections: DTI – Energy Paper 68 (in DfT, 2003) jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  4. UK Transport Sector Emissions Projections - High Energy Prices Source: UK DTI. Energy Paper E98. 2002 jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  5. 29.8 MtC 36.9 MtC 20% reduction from 1990 would imply 2010 transport sector emissions of 24 MtC Transport Emissions- Relentless Rise? Total: 159.3 MtC Total: 148.6 MtC jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  6. Overview • Background: policy and science • context: UK Transport Sector • System Boundaries • ~ baselines • Coping with uncertainty • Whole Chain • Farm GHG emissions & Energy inputs • Conclusions • Next steps? jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  7. Scope • Based on Life-cycle environmental impacts of wheat fermentation-based ethanol production and use in the UK. • Base LCA ethanol production parameters on Rickeard et al. (2005), • Draw-up system models and derive system boundaries for the evaluation • Evaluate the potential GHG and energy inputs • Work started in September 2004 jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  8. ATMOSPHERIC CO2 Leakage? End Use e.g. combustion in vehicles CO2-Capture by Photosynthesis e.g. Crop Growth CO2 Gas Markets Carbon Capture & Sequestration Ethanol jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  9. Rape Biodiesel Process Flow Chart 0.00015 kg seed Key Parameters per GJ biodiesel 83.8 kg Straw 15% moisture 1.2 GJ Cultivation: 0.0267 ha 85.5 kg raw harvested rape seed Transport, Drying & Storage • 267 m2 land required • 0.51 GJ energy inputs • 1.00 GJ energy outputs • Energy Ratio = 1.96 • Includes co-product credits • 28 kg CO2 emissions • 45 kg GHG emissions • £ 32.6 per GJ RME • £26.75 / GJRME incl. Co-products 80.2 kg dried rape seed 53.5 kg Rape Meal X% moisture X MJ Extraction 26.6 kg crude rape oil Refining 26.0 kg refined rape oil 2.5 kg Glycerine X MJ Esterification 1GJ biodiesel (24.7 kg) Delivery to Vehicle Based on Mortimer et al. 2002 jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  10. Assurance Pyramid MEASURE- MENTS Indicators PRECISION CONSENSUS Criteria Locally Applied Standard International Standard Principles jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk Adapted from: Jim Smith, BSI Professional Standards Services (his presentation to LCVP on 18Feb05)

  11. Dealing with Uncertainty • N2O emissions from agriculture • CH4 emissions from agriculture • Land-use change: • Changes in Biomass Stock (deforestation) • Changes in soil carbon (e.g. grassland) jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  12. Land-use change: deforestation ‘… where deforestation has occurred, one-off emissions in the range of 200 to 1000 t CO2 /hectare associated with the combustion and/or rapid decomposition of above-ground biomass[1] will negate any GHG benefits from the production of biofuels for a period of at least 50 years.’ [1] IPCC Good Practice Guidelines for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry, 2000, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  13. Land-use change: UK agriculture ‘… According to DETR (1997), soils in England, Wales and Scotland contain some 21.78 billion tonnes of carbon, of which 16.4 GtC is in Scottish peat uplands[1], leaving 5.4BtC (19.8 Gt CO2) in the soil of the remaining UK land where agriculture is the primary land use. Most of this is contained in grasslands. Arable soils in the UK contain 592 MtC (2.17GtCO2; Smith et al).’ According to Edwards,R. (JRC, 2004): ‘Grassland has 49 to 54 tonnes/ha higher soil C (180 to 198 tCO2/ha) content than a wheat-field with straw ploughed back.’ [1] Soil Assoc. (2005) quoting: Indicators of Sustainable Development in the UK, DETR, 1997. jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  14. N2O & CH4 emissions ‘Variability arises from the dependence on the processes that form them, such as denitrification and nitrification and anaerobic decay, on the prevailing physical, climatic and environmental conditions. In the case of nitrous oxide, emissions are also dependant upon the amount of N fertiliser addition to the land[1]’ [1] ‘IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001’, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001. jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  15. N2O emissions Note: L. Brown et. al. Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 917-928]  confirms modelling at JRC, that the N2O release during fallow setaside amounts to about 30% of the release from wheat farming. However, their N2O release figures for wheat in UK is about 1.3 kgN2O/ha.yr, compared with 4.36 from the rather similar JRC jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  16. On Farm GHG Emissions • N2O emissions set at JRC/LCVP levels: • No Straw Removal: 4.36 kg N2O/ha.yr • With Straw Removal: 5.96 kg N2O/ha.yr Total On Farm GHG emissions: 3119 kgCO2eq/ha.yr Total On Farm GHG emissions: 4207 kgCO2eq/ha.yr jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  17. On Farm GHG Emissions • N2O emissions set at: • JRC/LCVP: 4.36 kg N2O/ha.yr • Brown et al.: 1.30 kg N2O/ha.yr Total On Farm GHG emissions: 3119 kgCO2eq/ha.yr Total On Farm GHG emissions: 2214 kgCO2eq/ha.yr jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  18. Farm level calculation tool: inputs jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  19. Farm level calculation tool: outputs jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  20. Overview • Background: scientific basis for action • Scope of the study • System boundaries • Key study findings • GHG and Energy Balances • Carbon saving costs for sequestration • Conclusions & realism jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  21. Potential Impacts for Ethanol-based CO2 Capture jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  22. Policy Options • Government-based • E.g. UK RTFO • International • E.g. International BioEnergy Programme (IBEP) • Assurance and Certification jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  23. UK – RTFO (Possible Mechanism Overview) jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  24. Resources Conversion & Products End-use Soil protection Export & Competition Biomass Access to affordable energy Benefits Carbon seqestration Employment Economic development Watershed management Innovation Carbon substitution Farmers associations Industry Administration Industry SME Land-use administration NGOs Actors Energy transmission, transportation & sale International Organisations Farm workers, Landless Science Households Agriculture/Forestry Administration Environment Administration Energy Administration Land Competition Development costs Non-CO2 emissions Costs Pesticide & Nutrient Leaching Soil Degradation Indoor air pollution Transaction costs Source: International Bioenergy Programme- 2005; Jurgens, I. (FAO)

  25. BioEnergy Action Through International Consensus: Building National and Regional Biomass Task Forces International BioEnergy Programme (I-BEP) Partnerships Task 6 Information Task 1 i-BIS Portal Task 4 Pillar II Mobilising Bioenergy Pillar I Bioenergy Information System Capacity & Stakeholders Task 5 FAO-Bioenergy Task 7 Potentials Task 2 Sustainability Task 3 Wood Energy Agro Energy Co-Products jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  26. Conclusions • Uncertainty dominates? • Biomass is not carbon neutral • Particularly biofuels • Co-product allocation / poly-generation • How to allocate GHG emissions between multiple outputs? • Highly heterogeneous variables e.g. N2O • Can remote sensing and better GIS succeed? • What resolution? • Is Assurance and Certification THE answer? jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  27. Conclusions – Final • Implications for CDM? • Future technologies – e.g. lignocellulosics • Do we need them? • What can QUEST do? jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

  28. I THANK YOU! China- 17 September 2004 jeremy.woods@imperial.ac.uk

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