Fundamentals of Genetics

1. Fundamentals of Genetics Chapter 9

2. Mendel’s Legacy Section 9.1

3. Genetics • The field of biology dedicated to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring.

4. Gregor Mendel • Austrian monk & science teacher • Studied heredity • Worked with pea plants in his garden • Mid 1800s • “Father of Genetics”

5. Mendel’s Peas: • Studied 7 characteristics of peas • Each characteristics had 2 different traits • Page 176

6. Mendel’s Experiments: 1. Started off with 2 pure (true breeding) plant groups for a particular characteristic • P generation (parent) 2. Cross pollinated these plant groups (sexual reproduction) to produce the next generation of plants • F1 generation (first filial)

8. When the seeds matured from the F1 generation, he counted & recorded the traits of the offspring. • Then he allowed the F1 generation plants self pollinate (sexual reproduction with self) to produce the next generation of plants • F2 generation (second filial) When the seeds matured from the F2 generation, he counted & recorded the traits of the offspring.

9. Notice that the predicted ratios & the actual ratios are not exact!

10. Mendel’s Results: • The F1 generation always showed only 1 of the 2 traits for the characteristic • Mendel named this the dominant factor • The F2 generation always showed a 3:1 (or a 75% to a 25%) ratio between the 2 traits • Mendel named the second the recessive factor

11. Purple is dominant White is recessive F1 generation: all purple F2 generation: 75% purple 25% white

12. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance 1) Law of Segregation • Mendel stated that… a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes. • So, What does this mean? • Each egg and sperm receives only one factor from each parent.

13. 2. Law of Independent Assortment • Mendel also stated that … factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently. • So, What does this mean? • The factors for different characteristics are not connected.

15. Molecular Genetics • The study of the structure & function of chromosomes & genes • Allele: alternate form of a gene • Mendel called them “factors” • Abbreviations: • Dominant allele = capital letter (B) • Recessive allele = lower case letter (b)

17. Genetic Crosses 9.2

18. Vocab: • Genotype:gene combination for a trait (BB, Bb, bb) • Phenotype:the physical feature resulting from a genotype (Black, white)

20. Genotype Vocab: • Homozygous: “same genes” • When the organism has the same alleles for the characteristic (also called pure) Ex.) BB = homozygous dominant bb = homozygous recessive • Heterozygous: “different genes” • When the organism has different alleles for the characteristic (also called hybrid) Ex.) Bb

21. Examples:

23. Genetic Probability: • The likelihood (probability) of offspring of known parents can be determined by Punnett squares

24. Types of Genetic Crosses: • Monohybrid Cross- cross involving a single trait ex.) flower color

25. 2) Dihybrid Cross Cross involving 2 traits

26. Let’s Practice Punnett Squares! Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross

27. How do you find an unknown genotype? Testcross • Example) Is the red flower a pure (RR) or hybrid (Rr) ? • Cross the unknown flower with a pure recessive flower (rr). • This will allow the recessives to show up in the next generation.

28. The results: • If the flower is hybrid, the offspring will be 50% red and 50% white. • If the flower is pure, the offspring will be all red. Result if flower is hybrid Result if flower is pure

29. Complications! Incomplete Dominance and Codominance • Incomplete Dominance:occurs when the F1 offspring has a phenotype between that of the parents. • neither allele is completely dominant

30. Example) Japanese Four o’clock flowers The flowers may be red or white in the purebred form, but the hybrid form of the flowers is pink. Q- What would happen if you crossed a red four o’clock flower with a white four o’clock flower? A- a pink flower!

31. 2) Codominance • Occurs when both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous offspring. • Neither allele is dominant or recessive Example) Q- What would happen if you crossed a horse with a white coat (rr) with a horse with a red coat (RR)? A- A horse with a roan coat (Rr) ~ both red and white hairs

32. Question: In rabbits, the allele for black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for brown coat color (b). Predict the results of a cross between a rabbit heterozygous for black coat color and a rabbit homozygous for brown coat color. What is the genotypic ratio? What is the phenotypic ratio?

33. Question: • Albinism is a recessive disorder (aa) that results in a lack of pigment in the eyes, skin, and hair. • What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents if they have 2 children with albinism and 2 children normally pigmented. Use a Punnett square to complete this problem

34. Brown hair color is dominant over blonde hair, and brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. • Q- If 2 heterozygous parents for both traits mate, what is the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? __________ Brown hair, Brown eyes __________ Brown hair, Blue eyes __________ Blonde hair, Brown eyes __________ Blonde hair, Blue eyes

35. Incomplete Dominance Q: • Scottish fold cats are heterozygotes whose ears fold down onto their heads several days after birth. The homozygote genotype, rr, for this trait causes death. Construct a Punnett square to determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross between 2 cats with folded ears.

36. B. Complications: Multiple alleles • ABO blood groups Dominant Dominant Codominant Recessive

37. C. Complications: Pleiotropy • - One gene affects many characters • - Sickling allele of hemoglobin

38. D. Complications: Polygenic Inheritance and Quantitative Characters • - One trait determined by multiple genes • - Converse of pleiotropy • - e.g., skin color: at least 3 genes

39. Complications: Epistasis • - Expression of one gene depends on another • - Mouse coat color: • B - black coat • b - brown coat • C - pigment • c - no pigment

40. What are my chances? • Obtain 2 pennies. • Flip each coin simultaneously 50 times. Record the results of each set of flips. • Total the number of combinations of your results: __ Heads-Heads __ Heads-Tails __ Tails-Tails

41. Record your results on the board. • Calculate your percent chance of each combination. (# of combos) 50 • Calculate the class average percent chance of each combination.