HSAP Review

1. HSAP Review Literary Elements and Craft

2. GENRES Fiction Nonfiction Essays Memoirs Autobiography/Biography Speeches • Novels-long work of fiction • Fairy tale- imagination/magic • Myths- explains something about the world; supernatural/immortal characters • Satires- humans attacked with wit/irony • Allegories- represent abstract ideas in narrative form • Monologues- Character speaks thoughts aloud

3. GENRES (continued) Poetry Drama Performances/ plays • Narrative poems • Lyrical poems • Free Verse • Odes • Ballads • Epics

4. Point of View (POV) First person Second Person Uses “you” or “you all” Example: You went to the store. Addresses the reader • Uses “I” or “me” or “we’ Example: I went to the store to get a loaf of bread. • Narrator is a character Third Person • Uses “he/she/it” or “they” or “them” • Example: • They went to the store. • Narrator doesn’t participate

5. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Extended Metaphor Oxymoron A phrase that combines 2 contradictory terms Ex: “Awfully good” • Metaphor- implied comparison w/o “like” or “as” Ex: He was a lion in the fight • Extended metaphor- metaphor that is drawn out in multiple sentences in a story or lines in a poem Ex: The seeds of hope were planted in her mind. Every day, she watered them with her wishes, hoping her dreams would blossom into reality.

6. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Pun Paradox A seemingly contradictory statement that may actually be true Ex: All I know is that I know nothing. -Socrates • A play on words based on word meanings and/or pronunciations, often for humorous effect Ex: The rabbit groomed itself with a hare brush.

7. FIGURATIVE LANGAUGE Personification Hyperbole An exaggeration to create an effect/ make a point Ex: I’ve read that book a thousand times! • When an object, animal, or abstract idea is given human qualities Ex: Time had been unkind to Drew.

8. LITERARY ELEMENTS • Character • Protagonist- leading character of a work • Antagonist- character which opposes the protagonist • Characterization- methods by which the author develops the character • Appearance, actions, thoughts, dialogue, reactions of others • Plot- the series of events in a story • Exposition, conflict, climax, resolution • Rising Action and Falling Action

9. LITERARY ELEMENTS • Conflict • Internal (person v self) • External • Person v Person • Person v Nature • Person v Machine • Person v Society • Setting- part of the plot • Time (when) • Place (where) • Theme- an idea, question, or message explored by the author • Deeper meaning/ insight into life • Ex: the importance of being able to trust

10. AUTHOR’S CRAFT Tone Imagery The use of descriptive words that appeal to the reader’s senses (sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste) and create a picture in the reader’s mind Ex: The foamy waves dampened the yellow sand, transforming it into a golden brown carpet speckled with multicolored seashells. • The author’s attitude toward something • Shown by word choice • i.e. humorous, angry, proud, optimistic, sarcastic, contemptuous Ex: If you want a mayor who will conduct dirty deals and talk out of both sides of his mouth, vote for him.

11. AUTHOR’S CRAFT Flashback Foreshadowing When an author provides clues or hints about future events in the story Ex: The Reeds looked around their new home, a grand old place with many rooms and secret closets. Mrs. Reed through she heard an eerie noise from the library, but she decided to ignore it. • An earlier event inserted into the normal chronological order of a narrative. • Often introduced as a memory or dream. Ex: The smell of bacon awakened something in Dylan’s mind as he sat in the diner. Suddenly, he was in the kitchen of his nana’s farm. “More eggs?” his grandmother asked him.

12. AUTHOR’S CRAFT Symbolism Irony An intentional gap between what is expected and what actually happens Ex: Alfred saved up his money for months to buy an airplane ticket, and then he won a free ticket the day before departure. • The use of one thing to represent something else. Often, a concrete object is a symbol for an abstract idea. Ex: rain=sadness winter= old age/death American flag= freedom

13. AUTHOR’S CRAFT Allusion • An indirect reference to a well-known person, place, event, or object in history or in another literary work. Ex: Isabel stepped off the bus and stared in awe at the glittering city before her. She realized she wasn’t in Kansas anymore. (allusion to The Wizard of Oz)