Chapter 22

1. Chapter 22 Norton Media Library Give Me Liberty! An American History Second EditionVolume 2 by Eric Foner

2. I. Fighting World War II (WWII) • Prewar trends in U.S. foreign policy • Recognition of Soviet Union • Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America • Aggression and repression abroad • Japanese invasions of Manchuria, China • Adolf Hitler’s Germany • Nazism • Rearmament • Annexation of Austria, Czechoslovakia • Persecution of Jews • Policy of appeasement toward • Adoption by Britain, France, United States • Munich conference; “peace in our time”

3. Fighting World War II (WWII) (cont’d) • Aggression and repression abroad • Benito Mussolini’s Italy • Fascism • Invasion of Ethiopia • Francisco Franco’s Spain • Spanish Civil War • Overthrow of democracy; establishment of fascist regime • Support from Hitler

4. Fighting World War II (WWII) (cont’d) • American isolationism; reluctance to confront overseas aggression • Sources • Pro-Nazi sentiment • Business ties to Japan, Germany • Memory of World War I • Pacifism • Ethnic allegiances • Manifestations • Neutrality Acts • Even-handed arms embargo on Spanish belligerents

5. I. Fighting World War II (WWII) (cont’d) • Outbreak of WWII • Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact • German invasion of Poland • British and French declarations of war on Germany • German conquests across Europe, North Africa • Formation of German-Italian-Japanese Axis • Battle of Britain

6. Fighting World War II (WWII) (cont’d) • America’s shifting response • Persisting popular ambivalence • Steps toward involvement • Arms sale to Britain • Military rearmament • Reelection of Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) • Unprecedented quest for third term • Victory over Wendell Willkie • Toward intervention • America as “arsenal of democracy” • Lend Lease Act • Interventionist mobilization efforts

7. I. Fighting World War II (WWII) (cont’d) • Pearl Harbor; U.S. entry into war • War in the Pacific • Early setbacks for Allies • Japanese conquests • Bataan “death march” • Turning of the tide • Battles of Coral Sea, Midway • Island campaigns

8. Fighting World War II (WWII) (cont’d) • War in Europe • Allied advances • North Africa • The Atlantic • Italy • D-Day • Eastern front • German invasion of Russia • Siege of Stalingrad • German surrender • Magnitude of bloodshed • The Holocaust

9. II. Home front • Government mobilization of economy • Wartime federal agencies • Areas of impact • Allocation of labor • Types and labels of production • Wages, prices, rents • Public revenue • Employment rate • Business in wartime • New relationship with government • Prominence of business leaders in federal bureaucracy • Federal funding for large corporations

10. II. Home front (cont’d) • Business in wartime • Achievements of wartime manufacturing • Scale of production • Scientific advances • Restoration of public esteem for business • Geography of manufacturing boom • Revival of old industrial centers • Emergence of new industrial centers • West • South • Centrality of military-related production

11. II. Home front (cont’d) • Organized labor in wartime • Government-business-labor collaboration • Terms and impact • Surge in union membership • Spread of union recognition • No-strike pledge • Acceptance of employer “prerogatives,” “fair profit” • Junior position of labor • Rolling back of New Deal programs • Rise of labor walkouts

12. II. Home front (cont’d) • The Four Freedoms • “Freedom” as ideological focus of wartime mobilization • Content and implications • Freedoms of speech and religion • Freedoms from fear and want • Points of controversy • “Freedom from want” • Office of War Information (OWI) • New Deal liberalism of • Conservative curtailment of • Freedom as “free enterprise,” material consumption (the “fifth freedom)

13. II. Home front (cont’d) • Women in wartime labor force • Entry into traditionally “male” jobs • Industry • Other professions • “Rosie the Riveter” • Steps toward workplace equality, entitlements • Experience of wartime labor; “taste of freedom” • Postwar reversals

14. III. Visions of postwar freedom • Alternative outlooks • Conservative: Henry Luce’s American Century • Free enterprise, material abundance • America as world’s dominant power • New Deal liberal: Henry Wallace’s “Price of Free World Victory” • “Century of the common man” • International cooperation • Global New Deal • Shared conception of America as world model

15. III. Visions of postwar freedom (cont’d) • Liberal economic program • National Resources Planning Board (NRPB); wartime blueprints • Goals and principles • Economic security, full employment • Expanded welfare state • Mass consumption • Keynesian emphasis on government spending • Strongholds of support • Congressional opposition

16. III. Visions of postwar freedom (cont’d) • Liberal economic program • FDR’s Economic Bill of Rights • Goals and principles • Failure to pass in Congress • Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) • Provisions • Impact and significance • Full Employment Bill • Goals and principles • Passage of watered-down version

17. III. Visions of postwar freedom (cont’d) • Renewal of economic conservatism: Friedrich A. Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom • Themes • Economic planning as threat to liberty • Superior effectiveness of free market • Critiques of absolute laissez-faire dogma, social hierarchy, authoritarianism • Basis for modern conservatism

18. IV. Race and ethnicity in wartime America • Discrediting of ethnic and racial inequality, intolerance • Broad assimilation of ethnic outsiders • Diversity of army, industrial work force • Shift from forced Americanization (WWI) to patriotic assimilation (WWII) • Promotion of pluralism, group equality • Government • FDR • OWI; other government agencies • Scholars • Ruth Benedict’s Races and Racism • Ashley Montagu’s Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race

19. IV. Race and ethnicity in wartime America (cont’d) • Promotion of pluralism, group equality • Hollywood • Ongoing barriers to assimilation • Anti-Semitism • Racism • Mexican Americans • Bracero program • Purposes • Promise and reality • New employment opportunities • Emergence of Chicano culture • Intolerance and discrimination • Zoot Suit riots • Discrimination

20. IV. Race and ethnicity in wartime America (cont’d) • Mexican Americans • Mexican-American response • Heightened civil rights consciousness • Challenges to workplace discrimination • American Indians • Participation in military, war industry • Exposure to urban life • Marginality of reservations • Chinese-Americans • Easing of traditional stereotypes • Participation in military, war industry

21. IV. Race and ethnicity in wartime America (cont’d) • Japanese-Americans • Dehumanizing portrayals • Internment policy • FDR’s Executive Order 9066 • Expulsion to interment camps • Negation of civil liberties • Dearth of public protest • Supreme Court affirmation: Korematsu v. United States • Japanese-American response • Eventual apology

22. IV. Race and ethnicity in wartime America (cont’d) • African-Americans • On the home front • Accelerated migration to industrial heartland • Hostile reception; Detroit race riot, “hate strike” • Persistence of lynching • In the military • Scale of service • Racial practices • Discrimination • Abuse

23. IV. Race and ethnicity in wartime America (cont’d) • African-Americans • Birth of civil rights movement • March on Washington initiative • A. Philip Randolph • Demands • FDR’s Executive Order 8802; establishment of Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) • Performance and impact of FEPC • Growth of NAACP • Congress of Racial Equality sit-ins • Organized labor • “Double-V” campaign

24. IV. Race and ethnicity in wartime America (cont’d) • Broadening opposition to racial inequality • Black-Jewish collaboration • Organized labor; CIO • Growing dilemma for white southern moderates • In government • Federal agencies • Supreme Court • Armed forces • Landmark publications • What the Negro Wants • Wendell Wilkie’s One World • Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma

25. V. Toward victory and beyond • Winding down of war • In Europe • Battle of the Bulge • Allied invasion of Germany • Fall of Hitler; V-E Day • In the Pacific: advance of U.S. forces towards Japan • Changing of guard in Washington • Replacement of Wallace by Harry S. Truman as FDR’s running mate • FDR reelection victory over Thomas E. Dewey • Death of FDR; Truman succession to presidency

26. V. Toward victory and beyond (cont’d) • The atomic bomb • Development • Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity • Manhattan Project • Testing in New Mexico • Use on Hiroshima, Nagasaki • Devastating impact • Immediate • Long-term • Surrender of Japan

27. V. Toward victory and beyond (cont’d) • The atomic bomb • Lasting controversy over use • Justifications • Criticisms • Context for decision to use • WWII practice of targeting civilian populations • Dehumanization of Japanese in wartime propaganda • Postwar planning by Allied leaders (Britain, United States, Soviet Union) • Summit meetings at Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam • Emerging points of tension among Alles • Timing of Allied invasion of France • Soviet intentions in eastern Europe • Prospects for dissolution of British empire

28. V. Toward victory and beyond (cont’d) • New economic order: Bretton Woods conference • Initiatives • Eclipse of British pound by dollar in global trade • Linking of dollar’s value to price of gold • Creation of World Bank, International Monetary Fund • Significance for postwar capitalist economic system • Trend toward removal of barriers to free trade • Recognition of United States as world’s financial leader

29. V. Toward victory and beyond (cont’d) • The United Nations (UN) • Founding • Planning conference at Dumbarton Oaks • Adoption of United Nations Charter at San Francisco • Endorsement of United Nations Charter by U.S. Senate • Structure and mission

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31. End slide This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set for Chapter 22 Give Me Liberty! An American History 2nd Edition, Volume 2 by Eric Foner W. W. Norton & CompanyIndependent and Employee-Owned