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Introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology. Module 1 The History and Scope of Psychology. Why study psychology?. Insight Our own behavior, i.e. shyness in certain circumstances Other’s behavior Practical information Shaping . This is about rewards and punishments Mnemonic devices.

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Introduction to Psychology

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  1. Introduction to Psychology Module 1 The History and Scope of Psychology

  2. Why study psychology? • Insight • Our own behavior, i.e. shyness in certain circumstances • Other’s behavior • Practical information • Shaping . This is about rewards and punishments • Mnemonic devices.

  3. Defining “psychology” • Social science • Animal/human behavior • Observable behavior and unobservable, i.e. dreams and fantasies • Must study all aspects of human behavior to know it, i.e. shyness at school, but not at home (see Three blind men) • naturalistic observation versus controlled observation

  4. Scientific basis of psychology • Scientific method • Hypothesis • Test • Analysis

  5. Goals of Psychology • Describe • Explain: hypothesis theories • Predictions • Control: basic science (research) applied science (treatment)

  6. Pioneers in Psychology Module One

  7. Wilhelm Wundt • Leipzig, Germany 1879 • Laboratory of Psychology • applied physiology to the mind • use of self-observation (introspection) • STRUCTURALISM • Today focus: biochemical basis of behavior

  8. William James • Principles of Psychology (1890) • Activities of the mind have one function: survival of species • Evolutionary processes are important • FUNCTIONALISM • Today focus: motivation and emotions

  9. John Watson/B.F. Skinner/Ivan Pavlov • Study relationship between stimuli and behavior • More scientific; the stimuli can be controlled. • Focused on learning and conditioning. • Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971) by B.F. Skinner: The Walden Two communities • BEHAVIORISM • Today focus: education and training in military. Animal tricks.

  10. Abraham Maslow • Humans can impact the environment as much as the environment can impact them. • Are non-passive or active in the environment. • HUMANISM • Today focus: intervention on environment to aid individual

  11. Behaviorism versus Humanism • Born bad • Individual is responsible for own actions • Advocates punishment/rewards as means of social control. • Born good • Person reacts to environment • Advocates intervention to foster personal development.

  12. Sigmund Freud • unconscious mind is important • the id, the ego, and the super-ego • dream analysis and free association • focus on formative years • PSYCHOANALYIS

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