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Midterm Review

Explore language evaluation criteria, implementation strategies, syntax and semantics, names and binding, data types, expressions, control structures, subprograms, and functional programming. Study historical contributions of FORTRAN, LISP, ALGOL, and more. Understand BNF and EBNF, type checking, type compatibility, expressions evaluation, subprogram definitions, and activation records. Delve into functional programming hallmarks, terms, and Scheme syntax. Prepare thoroughly for your midterms and final exams with comprehensive reviews of Chapters 1-3, 5-10, and 15.

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Midterm Review

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  1. Midterm Review In Text: Chapters 1-3, 5-10, 15

  2. Ch. 1: Introduction • Why study PLs? • Language evaluation criteria • Two main influences on PL design • 5 paradigms • Implementation strategies  Final Exam Review 

  3. Ch. 2: History and Evolution • What are the major contribution(s) of each language? • Examples: • Support for recursion • Introduction of block structure • First in a paradigm • First formally described syntax • Etc. • Most important to review: FORTRAN, LISP, ALGOL  Final Exam Review 

  4. Ch. 3: Syntax and Semantics • BNF & EBNF • What makes a grammar ambiguous? • How do you disambiguate a grammar? • What does it mean for two grammars to “generate the same language”? • Operational semantics • Axiomatic semantics • Applying axiomatic semantics to code segments • Loop invariants, 5 criteria • Denotational semantics  Final Exam Review 

  5. Ch. 5: Names and Binding • What are the six attributes? What do they mean? • Binding and possible binding times • Type checking • Two type compatibility methods • Scope vs. lifetime  Final Exam Review 

  6. Ch. 6: Data Types • Primitive types • Type constructors: • Arrays • Records • Unions • Sets • Pointers • Design issues • Type checking issues  Final Exam Review 

  7. Ch. 7: Expressions • Precedence rules • Associativity rules • Order of operand evaluation • Type conversions: widening and narrowing • Type coercions vs. explicit conversions • Mixed-mode expressions • Relational and boolean expressions • Short-circuit evaluation  Final Exam Review 

  8. Ch. 8: Control Structures • Design issues • Selection • One-way • Two-way • Multi-way • Iteration • Counter-controlled • Logically-controlled • Gotos • Guarded statements  Final Exam Review 

  9. Ch. 9: Subprograms • Definitions • Referencing environment • What are the common parameter passing modes and mechanisms? • Independent vs. separate compilation • Advanced subprogram issues  Final Exam Review 

  10. Ch. 10: Implementing Subprograms • Activation records • Accessing locals • Accessing nonlocals (static scoping) • Static chains • Displays • Implementing blocks • Accessing nonlocals with dynamic scoping  Final Exam Review 

  11. Ch. 15: Functional Programming • What are the hallmarks of FP? • Definition of FP terms • Scheme syntax • You’ll have to write a Scheme function  Final Exam Review 

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