Diversity of Living Things Chapter 5: Vertebrate Animals

1. Diversity of Living Things Chapter 5: Vertebrate Animals Sections 5.1-5.2

2. Vertebrate Animals 5.1 • A vertebrate is any animal with a backbone • All vertebrates have organ systems such as muscles, a digestive system, and a circulatory system • The final distinguishing characteristic of vertebrates is their endoskeleton, an internal support system that grows with the animal • An endoskeleton allows for my flexibility that an exoskeleton

5. Backbone 5.1 • Vertebrates are named specifically for the specialized bones, vertebra, that make up what we call a back bone • A back bone is used for support and protecting the spinal cord which connects nerves to the rest of our body

6. Most Vertebrates are Fish 5.1 • Of all the vertebrate animals fish are the most abundant, there are over 20,000 species of fish

7. Fish anatomy 5.1

8. Fish 5.1 • All fish live in water and use gills to remove dissolved oxygen form the waters they live in • Fish also have muscular streamline bodies to help them swim • Three types of fish: • Jawless Fish • Cartilaginous Fish • Boney Fish

9. Jawless Fish 5.1 • As the name suggests they do not have jaws and are widely considered to be the oldest type of fish • Most jawless fish have long slider bodies • Although they cannot chew they do have teeth and feed by biting and tearing or sucking • They also lack a stomach

11. Cartilaginous Fish 5.1 • This group of fish have skeletons made of cartilage, a very flexible tissue, not out of hard bone • This group includes: sharks, rays, and skates • While some species of cartilaginous fish can be dangerous to humans most feed on small fish or mollusks, some even filter feed

13. Boney Fish 5.1 • Boney fish are by far the largest and most diverse group of fish • This group have hard skeletons just like you and are covered in scales

15. Fish Develop in Eggs 5.1 • Nearly all fish reproduce sexually and the resulting offspring develop in eggs • Fish eggs are clear and soft to allow water to pass through them so the developing fish get all the water and oxygen form their environment • The yolk inside the egg provided the young fish

17. Amphibians vs Reptiles 5.2

18. Amphibian Characteristics 5.1 • As adults most amphibians have: • Two pairs of legs, four total • Lay their eggs in water • Obtain oxygen through their skin, may also have lungs • Have sensory organs adapted for land

19. Amphibian Live in Moist Areas 5.1 • Most amphibians live in moist environments for three reasons: • Their skin will only obtain oxygen for them when wet • Amphibians must lay their eggs in water so they can obtain oxygen and water • Their tadpole forms require water to live

20. Amphibian Life Cycle Characteristics 5.2 • Amphibians are famous for their life cycle • Most amphibians start in the water and slowly transition to land living their adult life near water • However some salamanders such as sirens continue to live in water during their adult lives or certain frogs such as the wood frog, frozen alive, lives on land nearly its whole life

21. Amphibian Life Cycle 5.2

22. Amphibian Life Cycle 5.2

23. Reptile Characteristics 5.2 • Two pairs of legs, four total • Tough dry skin covered with scales • Use lungs to obtain oxygen • Sensory organs adapted for land • Lay eggs on land which have leathery shells

24. Reptile Adaptations 5.2 Lungs Scaly Skin A reptile’s skin helps to protect it from it’s environment and predators, however it does not allow the reptile to obtain water through it’s skin • An internal organ that takes the oxygen form the air into the blood and removes the carbon dioxide form the blood

25. Reptiles Have Eggs With Shells 5.2 • Reptile eggs are completely equip to be in the hot dry environments that we find reptiles in • Most reptiles build nests, some protect their nests while others leave them to fend for themselves • The eggs have: • Water and nutrients • A gas exchange system • A place to store waste • A protective outer shell

27. Amphibians and Reptiles are Ectotherms 5.2 • Both amphibians and reptiles are “cold blooded” or ectothermic meaning that their body temperature matches that of their environment • This means that if the environment becomes to hot or to cold so do they, reptiles cannot function when to hot or to cold • Many reptiles have adapted with behaviors to help regulate their body temp