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LECTURE 3 Old English: language (II)

ISTORY OF ENGLISH. LECTURE 3 Old English: language (II). Lei ZHU Shanghai International Studies University. 5 Latin influence. Hoc tempore monasteriū scī bene dicti a longobardis destructū ē. Her gregorius pa_ pa sende to brytene augustinū mid wel manengum

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LECTURE 3 Old English: language (II)

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  1. ISTORY OF ENGLISH LECTURE 3Old English:language (II) Lei ZHU Shanghai International Studies University

  2. 5 Latin influence Hoc tempore monasteriū scī bene dicti a longobardis destructū ē. Her gregorius pa_ pa sende to brytene augustinū mid wel manengum munucum∙ þe godes word engla þeoda godspellodon.

  3. 5 Latin influence Hoc tempore monasteriū scī bene dicti a longobardis destructū ē. Her gregorius pa_ pa sende to brytene augustinū mid wel manengum munucum∙ þe godes word engla þeoda godspellodon. brytene Britain engla Angles godes god’s godspellodon gospelled (=preached) gregorius Gregory her here; in this year manengum many (scribal mis-spelling) mid with munucum monks papa Pope sende sent þe who (relative pronoun) þeoda nation, people wel well (=very) word word

  4. 5 Latin influence Hoc tempore monasteriū scī bene dicti a longobardis destructū ē. Her gregorius pa_ pa sende to brytene augustinū mid wel manengum munucum∙ þe godes word engla þeoda godspellodon. At this time the monastery of St Benedict was destroyed by the Lombards. In this year Pope Gregory sent Augustine to Britain with very many monks, who preached God’s words to the English nation.

  5. 5 Latin influence • Writing • Vocabulary (ca.450 words) Latin loan-words 1. Continental borrowings before migration 2. Early borrowings during settlement 3. Later borrowings due to Christianisation

  6. 5 Latin influence • Continental borrowings before migration ModE OE L street < strǣt < strāta (via) ‘paved (road)’ cheap < ċēap < caupō ‘petty tradesman’ money < mynet < monēta < Juno Monēta wine < wīn < vīnum kitchen < cyċene < coquīna < coquere ‘to cook’ pea(s) < pise < pisum back-formation

  7. 5 Latin influence • Continental borrowings before migration ModE OE L G church < ċiriċe < cyrīca < τὸ κυριακόν (δῶμα) ‘the Lord’s (house)’

  8. 5 Latin influence • Continental borrowings before migration ModE OE L Saturday < Sæternesdæġ < Sāturnī diēs ‘Saturn’s day’ cf. ModE OE L ModFr Sunday sunnandæġ dies solis dimanche Monday mōnandæġ lunae dies lundi Tuesday Tiwesdæġ Martis dies mardi Wednesday Wōdnesdæġ Mercurii dies mercredi Thursday Þu(n)resdæġ Jovis dies jeudi Friday Frīġedæġ Veneris dies vendredi Saturday Sæternesdæġ Saturni dies samedi 日 日 月 月 战神 战神 主神 使者神 雷神 主神 爱神 爱神 时间神

  9. 5 Latin influence • Early borrowings during settlement ModE OE L -wich< wīċ < vicus ‘village’ -chester < ċeaster < castra ‘camp’ eg. Winchester, Dorchester, Manchester -caster < caster < castra ‘camp’ eg. Lancaster, Doncaster

  10. 5 Latin influence • Later borrowings due to Christianisation ModE OE L G angel< engel < angelus < ἄγγελος priest < prēost < presbyter < πρεσβύτερος ‘elder’ school < scōl < schola < σχολή ‘leisure’ silk < sioloc < Sēricus < Σῆρες ‘Chinese’ noon < nōn < nōna (hōra) ‘ninth hour’ from sunrise originally ca. 3pm

  11. 6 Reading practice (II) Peterborough Chronicle for AD 787

  12. 6 Reading practice (II)

  13. 6 Reading practice (II) Her nam breohtric cining offan dohter eadburge∙ in-this-year took Breohtric King Offa’s daughter Eadburh & on his dagum comoN ærest .iii. scipu norðmanna of hereðalande. & in his days came first 3 ships of-Northmen from Hordaland & þa se gerefa þærto rad. & he wolde drifan to ðes cininges tune & then the reeve to-there rode & he wanted to-drive to of-the-king town þy he nyste hwæt hi wæron∙ & hine man ofsloh þa. Ðæt wæron þa for he not-knew what they were & him one killed then that were then erestan scipu deniscra manna þe angelcynnes land gesohton. first ships of-Danish-men that of-English-race land sought

  14. 6 Reading practice (II) Her nam breohtric cining offan dohter eadburge∙ & on his dagum comoN ærest .iii. scipu norðmanna of hereðalande. & þa se gerefa þærto rad. & he wolde drifan to ðes cininges tune þy he nyste hwæt hi wæron∙ & hine man ofsloh þa. Ðæt wæron þa erestan scipu deniscra manna þe angelcynnes land gesohton. In this year Breohtric took King Offa’s daughter Eadburh (as wife). And in his days came first 3 ships of Northmen from Hordaland; and then the reeve rode there and want to compel them to go to the King’s town because he did not know what they were; and then they killed him. These were the first ships of the Danish men which sought out the land of the English race.

  15. Dragon longship of the Vikings (image by Barry Ross)

  16. 7 Scandinavian loan-words • Place and personal names onomastics (study of proper names) OE ON (Old Norse) -by < bȳr ‘farm, town’ e.g. Derby, Rugby, Grimsby -son < sonr ‘son’ e.g. Anderson, Johnson, Thomson

  17. 7 Scandinavian loan-words • Words used in everyday life OE ON (Old Norse) benċ banki ‘ridge, bank’ > bank ǣġ egg ‘egg’ > egg sweostor systir ‘sister’ > sister ēaġ-þyrl vindauga > window heofon ský ‘cloud’ > sky sēoc illr ‘ill, ailing’ > ill ċeallian kalla ‘call’ > call beġietan geta ‘get, obtain’ > get ġiefan gefa ‘give’ > give niman taca > take less palatalisation

  18. 7 Scandinavian loan-words • Pronouns and other structural words OE ON (Old Norse) hīe þeir > they hiera þeir(r)a > their him þeim > them bēġen báðir > both fram/from frá > fro

  19. 7 Scandinavian loan-words • Verbs: origin of are OE Mercian Northumbrian ON sind(on) earun aron erum ‘(we) are’ eruð ‘(youpl.) are’ eru ‘(they) are’

  20. Ādam ðā cwæð: “þis is nū bān of mīnum bānum, & flǣsċ of mīnum flǣsċe. Bēo hēo ġeċīġed fǣmne, for ðan ðe hēo is of hyre were ġenumen.” OE (ġe)ċīeġan replaced by call < ON L femina OE wīf / wīfmann OE niman replaced by take < ON And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.

  21. 8 Reading practice (III) From Ælfric’s Colloquy

  22. ċildra children biddaþ beg ēalā oh lārēow master tǣċe teach (subjunctive) sprecan to speak forþām because unġelǣrede ignorant syndon are ġewæmmodlīce badly (i.e. ungrammatically) sprecaþ speak wille will (=want) rēċe care būton as long as riht correct sprǣċ speech sȳ is (subjunctive) behēfe proper næs not īdel frivolous oþþe or fracod base

  23. bēon to be beswungen beaten on during leornunge learning (Dat.sg.) lēofre dearer ys is for for (the sake of) lāre leaning (Acc.sg.) þænne than ne not cunnan to know ac but witun know bilewitne kind wesan to be nellan won’t (=ne+willan) onbelǣden to inflict upon swincgla blows (Acc.pl.) būton unless bī are (subjunctive, =bēo) tōġenȳdd compelled fram by

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