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201: Chapter 12: Life Span Development II 231: Chapter 6: Psychosocial Development

201: Chapter 12: Life Span Development II 231: Chapter 6: Psychosocial Development. Dr. Arra. Overview. Attachment Parenting Styles Moral Reasoning Daycare Temperament. Social-Emotional Development. Attachment: Emotional bond between child and caregiver Develops at about 8 months

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201: Chapter 12: Life Span Development II 231: Chapter 6: Psychosocial Development

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  1. 201: Chapter 12: Life Span Development II231: Chapter 6: Psychosocial Development Dr. Arra

  2. Overview • Attachment • Parenting Styles • Moral Reasoning • Daycare • Temperament

  3. Social-Emotional Development • Attachment: • Emotional bond between child and caregiver • Develops at about 8 months • Separation Anxiety develops at about 8 months • Mary Ainsworth • John Bowlby • TRUST • Theories relate to attachment: Erikson, Freud

  4. Attachment John Bowlby • Studied British Children separated from their families • During WWII • Defined disattachment: continued separation, no stable relationship is formed

  5. Attachment Bowlby’s Phases of Attachment • Preattachment (0-6 wks.) infants stay close to caregiver and are upset if separated • Attachment in the making (6wks.-8mos.) infant shows wariness when confronted with unfamiliar people

  6. Attachment 3) Attachment (8mos.-24mos.) mother is secure base from which to explore infant shows separation anxiety 4) Reciprocal relationships (24mos.>) • child spends more time away from mom • parent-child check in frequently • mutual feeling of security

  7. Attachment Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment • Securely Attached (65%) Mom is secure base from which to explore environment Responds positively when others pick-up Plays well with strangers when mom around Upset when mom leaves Hugs mom when she returns

  8. Attachment Insecure-Avoidant: (23%) • Avoid/ignore mom • Don’t seek her comfort or touch • May or may not cry when mom leaves room • Anyone can console child MOM: insensitive to child, show little affection

  9. Attachment Anxious-Resistant: (12%) • Upset when mom leaves yet not consoled by her when she returns • Insecure, actively resist mom (kick, push) MOM: rejecting of child

  10. Attachment How to measure attachment • Ainsworth • Strange Situation: serial, scripted interactions amongst infant, caregiver, stranger • From this Ainsworth developed 3 types of Attachment

  11. Attachment Mary Main • Disorganized Attachment • Lack an organized method for dealing with stress • EX: odd variations of behaviors

  12. FACTORS RELATED TO SECURELY ATTACHED CHILDREN • Attentive Parents • Supportive Environment • Low Stress Environment • Good Temperament of Child

  13. FACTORS RELATED TO POORLY ATTACHED CHILDREN • Marital Discord • Stressful Environment • Child’s poor temperament

  14. Parenting Styles • 4 types of Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind (1995): • Authoritarian • Authoritative • Neglectful • Indulgent

  15. Moral Reasoning • Piaget’s ideas on moral reasoning: thought moral reasoning was rules/conduct for interacting with other people • Basic; later expanded on by Kohlberg and Gilligan

  16. Moral Development • Lawrence Kohlberg • Expanded Piaget’s findings on Moral Development • Carol Gilligan • Expanded Kohlberg’s findings on Moral Development

  17. Moral Thought • Kohlberg examined moral thought by asking people of various ages to comment on moral situations evident in a vignette: • “Should Heinz steal an expensive drug in order to save the life of his wife who suffers from cancer?”

  18. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

  19. Moral Reasoning CAROL GILLIGAN • Criticized Kohlberg: sex biased, culturally biased • Women: interpersonal relationships, compassion, care • Men: justice

  20. Moral Reasoning CAROL GILLIGAN Women’s moral development: • Care for self • Care for others • Seek equality in relationships

  21. Daycare Several types of Daycare arrangements: • Homecare • Unlicensed Daycares • Licensed Daycares - Montessori Schools

  22. Daycare Outcome Research: • Licensed Daycares: aggression, socialization • Teacher : Child ratio • Quality of interaction

  23. Temperament • Temperament refers to the basic disposition of a person; a person’s behavior style • Thomas and Chess categorized infants into 3 temperament types: • Easy children are mostly happy, relaxed and agreeable (40 %) • Difficult children are moody, easily frustrated, over-reactive (10 %) • Slow-to-warm-up children are somewhat shy and withdrawn, take time to adjust (15 %)

  24. Temperament • Research shows consistency of temperament throughout early childhood and even adulthood

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