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NEW INSECTICDES & HONEY BEE COLONY COLLAPSE Bob Bruss

NEW INSECTICDES & HONEY BEE COLONY COLLAPSE Bob Bruss. Inspector Meeting October 27 – 29, 2008 NCDA &CS Steve Troxler - Commissioner. Insecticide MOA 1 º Sites. Nervous System Energy Production Muscle Contraction Endocrine System Chitin Production Gut Toxin Lipid Biosynthesis

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NEW INSECTICDES & HONEY BEE COLONY COLLAPSE Bob Bruss

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  1. NEW INSECTICDES&HONEY BEE COLONY COLLAPSEBob Bruss Inspector Meeting October 27 – 29, 2008 NCDA &CS Steve Troxler - Commissioner

  2. Insecticide MOA 1º Sites • Nervous System • Energy Production • Muscle Contraction • Endocrine System • Chitin Production • Gut Toxin • Lipid Biosynthesis • Water Balance

  3. Nervous System

  4. Nervous System

  5. Nervous System

  6. Nervous System

  7. DuPont Crop Protection Excitatory Neuron Muscle Cl- channels Mitochondria Ca+ stores AChE Na+/K+ channels M ACh Glut Na+/K+ channels GABA ACh Cl- channels M Motor Neuron Insect Neuromuscular Signaling Pathway

  8. Nervous System • Pyrethrins / Pyrethroids / DDT Analogues • inhibits closing of Na+ channels • pyrethrin I & II / permethrin, cyfluthrin • DDT, DDE, methoxychlor • Oxadiazines (indoxacarb) • blocks Na+ channels • Phenyl pyrazoles(fipronil) / Cyclodienes • blocks GABA mediated Cl- channels • chlordane, heptachlor, dieldrin, endrin

  9. New Nerve Poisons • Oxadiazines • indoxacarb only U.S. representative (DuPont) • Avaunt (fruit/veg), Advion (baits), Steward • pro-insecticide / gut-activated / slow acting • rapid photodegradation / mod. soil residual • Phenyl pyrazoles • fipronil only U.S. representative (BASF) • Regent (corn), Frontline (fleas), Termidor • rapid photodegradation / long soil residual

  10. Nervous System • Chloronicotinyls / Nicotine / Spinosad • activates acetylcholine (ACh) receptors • CNI: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam • spinosads: spinosyn A, spinosyn B • Organophosphates / Carbamates • inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) • carbamates much more reversible • parathion, diazinon / carbaryl, aldicarb • Solanaceae: solanine, chaconine, tomatine

  11. Nervous System • Atropine • blocks acetylcholine (ACh) receptors • antidote for AChE poisoning • Macrolactones (avermectins) • blocks glutamate mediated Cl- channels • emamectin benzoate (Denim) derived from abamectin

  12. DuPont Crop Protection Pyrethroids Indoxacarb Targets Below Reflect MoA for > 90% of Commercial Insecticides Excitatory Neuron Muscle Avermectins OPs Carbamates Mitochondrial Insecticides Ca+ stores AChE Neonicotinoids Spinosad M ACh Glut Na+/K+ channels GABA Cl- channels M Cyclodienes Fipronil Motor Neuron Insect Neuromuscular Signaling Pathway

  13. Energy Production • Pyrroles • chlorfenapyr only U.S. representative • disrupts ATP formation in mitochondria • pro-insecticide (bio-activated to toxin) • poorly activated in mammals • some birds sensitive (no crops – Pirate) • Phantom (termites/ants) • Pylon (greenhouse vegs & ornamentals) • long soil residual

  14. Muscle Contraction • Anthranilic diamides (DuPont) • chlorantraniliprole 1st U.S. representative • Rynaxypyr® trademark for a.i. • activates insect ryanodine receptors • Ca+ released – muscles contract • vertebrate receptors much less sensitive • rapid leaf penetration limits contact action • controls caterpillars & some beetle larvae • persistent residues but low hazard • Altacor (fruit), Coragen (veg), Acelepryn (T&O)

  15. Endocrine System • Juvenile Hormone mimics • insect retains juvenile characteristics @ moult • fleas & biting flies • analogs: methoprene, hydroprene, kinoprene • others: fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen • Ecdysone agonists (moulting disruptors) • diacylhydrazines: tebufenozide (Confirm) • azadirachtin • slow acting

  16. Chitin Production & Gut Toxins • Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors • chitin: insect exoskeleton polysaccharide • benzoylurea IGRs • diflubenzuron (Dimilin), novaluron (Rimon) • buprofezin (Applaud) • Bacillus thuringiensis • microbial toxins disrupts midgut membrane • many B.t. subspecies with multiple toxic proteins • fermentation products (Dipel, Javelin) • transgenic plants

  17. Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors • Tetronic acids (ketonenols) - Bayer • blocks formation of lipids; systemic • most active against mites & sucking insects • spirodiclofen (Envidor) • fruits & nuts: spider mites & rust mites • spiromesifen • spider mites, whiteflies & psyllids • Oberon: field crops & vegetables • Judo: greenhouse & nursery; Forbid: landscapes • spirotetramat (Movento) – EPA cond. June 08 • aphids, mealy bugs, whiteflies, scales

  18. Water Balance Products • Abrade or dissolve insect wax layer • Thorough coverage important • Boric acid • Oils

  19. COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER ERIC MUSSEN EXTENSION APICULTURIST UC DAVIS

  20. Main Topics of Discussion • Description of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) • Possible Causes of CCD • Pesticide Concerns with Honey Bees

  21. Signs of CCD • Nearly all bees fly from hive • quickly: 2-10 days • Sometimes, queen and a few newly emerged adults left behind • Sometimes, brood (eggs, larvae, pupae) remain in combs • will succumb to lack of feed and incubation

  22. Signs of CCD • Stores remain in the combs • honey & “bee bread” (stored pollens) • Stores seem to be toxic to immediately re-introduced colony • combs suitable after they have “dried out,” been fumigated, or irradiated • Stores not scavenged by hive pests • more attractive after combs dry out

  23. Who is being impacted? • Overall 2007 figures • Colony losses of over 30% reported • Normal loss of 15% expected • 24% of beekeepers with CCD losses • Operations with CCD had losses of 45% • Large commercial migratory beekeepers • Reporting losses 50-90% • CA, FL, TX • CCD in 36 states (including NC)

  24. Causes of CCD? • Electromagnetic waves (especially cell phones) interfering with navigation • not likely • honey bees rely on landmarks to find their way home • honey bees rely on polarized atmospheric light to interpret the “bee dances”

  25. Causes of CCD? • Genetically modified (GM) plants • not likely • Roundup Ready genes/enzymes, should not impact honey bees • Bt genes, or induced parasporal body protein, should not impact honey bees • tested against caterpillars and against honey bees of various life stages

  26. Causes of CCD? • Malnutrition • likely to be playing a part • key element in honey bee health • inherent resistance dependent on nutrition • each colony requires one acre of blossoms, daily, to meet nutritional needs • has a 50 square mile foraging area

  27. Causes of CCD? • Malnutrition • honey bees require a mix of pollens to meet their nutritional needs • natural foods often hard to find • foraging habitat converted to houses, streets, highways, shopping malls, parking lots, airports and runways, and agricultural fields • weather becoming more unpredictable • drought or excessive moisture both can prevent honey bees from obtaining required food

  28. Causes of CCD? • Infectious diseases • bacterial – not often a problem for adult honey bees • viral – at least 20 known in honey bees • only a few cause recognizable signs of disease • recently discovered Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) was described as a “marker” for CCD, but not necessarily the cause • IAPV eventually was found in U.S. bee samples from a decade ago

  29. Causes of CCD? • Infectious diseases • fungal – only one genus of fungi is problematic to adult honey bees – Nosema • N. ceranae was discovered in CCD studies • N. ceranae (Asia) seems to have displaced our old N. apis (Europe), completely • N. ceranae also was detected in decade old U.S. bee samples • not likely the cause of CCD

  30. Causes of CCD? • Pesticides • Generally, only some insecticides and acaricides are toxic to honey bees • Three carboxamide fungicides were toxic to honey bee brood in UC Davis studies • captan • iprodione (Rovral, Chipco 26019) • boscalid (Endura, Pristine, Pageant) • excellent activity on brown rot blossom blight • there are no bee toxicity warnings on the labels

  31. Causes of CCD? • Pesticides • Active Ingredient Toxicity: The inherent capacity of the chemical to harm an individual bee in a standard exposure test. • i.e. oral or contact LD50 • Product Hazard: Potential for the formulated material to harm individual bees or colonies when used as directed by the label. • Sublethal Effect: Dose insufficient to cause death but the treatment has a measurable adverse consequence on survival

  32. Honey BeeApis mellifera

  33. NCDA & CS Steve Troxler - Commissioner

  34. Causes of CCD? • Pesticide residues found in CCD hives • analyzed 108 pollen and 88 beeswax samples for 171 chemicals • 26 insecticides • 14 fungicides • 6 herbicides • 6 insecticide metabolites • as many as 17 different pesticides in one sample

  35. Causes of CCD? • Pesticides found in CCD hives • all major classes: chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, insect growth regulators • Varroa mite control products – fluvalinate and coumaphos most prevalent (71 and 59% of pollen samples - 100% of beeswax samples) • chlorpyriphos (Lorsban) next highest (55% in pollen and 77% in beeswax) • boscalid (a component of Pristine) was sixth most prevalent in beeswax (13%)

  36. Causes of CCD? • Worldwide, imidacloprid is suspected of causing honey bee colony mortality, including CCD-like collapses • neonicotinoid = chloronicotinyl insecticide • imidacloprid is systemic in plants • imidacloprid is fairly harmless to mammals, birds and fishes, but it is exceptionally toxic to invertebrates, including honey bees

  37. Causes of CCD? • Imidacloprid and honey bees • Bayer report states that 192 ppb is oral LD50 for adult honey bees • Bayer reported that <10 ppb occurs in nectar/pollen of treated sunflowers & canola • UC Riverside researchers found 550 ppb in nectar from treated red gum Eucalyptus, a favorite source of winter bee forage in CA • 2-3 ppb in sugar syrup causes changes in behavior and learning in adult honey bees

  38. Causes of CCD? • Imidacloprid and honey bees • imidacloprid registered in 1991 • off-patent in 2006 • ingredient of 303 products registered in NC • Clothianidin linked to German bee kills • another CNI • seed treatment alleged to cause kill – how? • NC: seed treatment (Poncho) & sprayable products (Aloft, Belay, Clutch)

  39. Protection of Honey Bees • Protection should start at home • Apiculture at NCSU – Beekeeping Notes • Dr. John Ambrose & Dr. David Tarpy • http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/entomology/apiculture/ • How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides, PNW 591 • H. Riedl, E. Johansen, L. Brewer, and J. Barbour • http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/pnw/pnw591.pdf • provides length of residual toxicity in the field, from hours to days

  40. Protection of Honey Bees • Registration process (EPA) – “Non-targets” • Acute toxicities for adult honey bees required • Is a label a legal mandate? • Admire (imidacloprid) – “Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area.” • Does violating that label “break the law?”

  41. Summary • U.S. beekeepers currently are dealing with expected annual losses of 15-25% of their colonies • due to parasites, diseases & exposure to toxic chemicals • The 30-90% CCD losses appear to have additional causes • Colonies can be protected better from exposure to toxic chemicals

  42. Thank You NCDA & CS Steve Troxler - Commissioner

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