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Applying Lean to Factory Homebuilding. Dr. Mike Mullens, PE. Big Product with Many Large Components. Few Small, Fixed Workstations. Few Large, Fixed Workstations. Many Large, Moving Workstations. Labor and materials flow to product while product flows continuously on line
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Applying Lean to Factory Homebuilding Dr. Mike Mullens, PE
Many Large, Moving Workstations • Labor and materials flow to product while product flows continuously on line • Little inventory because there is no space • Line used to set pace and facilitate delivery of large components
Activity Location Flexibility • Most operations after roof set can and do take place anywhere on line – as long as precedence's are met
Massive Work Content • Multi-operator teams perform trade-focused activities
Massive Work Content • Extended cycle times • Very difficult to measure work content and cycle time for any unit
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization • High process variability
Product Built-to-Order: Varied Product Mix with Customization • High cycle time variability • Very difficult to predict work content and cycle time for each activity • Not easy to control line balance
Cycle vs. TAKT Time • Average cycle time for each activity must be less than TAKT time • Activity with largest average cycle time is bottleneck activity • If bottleneck activity is delayed, line capacity is lost – can happen even if average cycle less than TAKT time
Seeing the Waste (and the Opportunity) • Constant imbalance in labor & work content • Production mistakes • Design oversights • Material shortages
Floating Bottlenecks: Imbalance in Labor and Work Content • Upstream Queue - Floors
Floating Bottlenecks: Imbalance in Labor and Work Content • Downstream line starvation – drywall finishing and interior finishing
Floating Bottlenecks: Imbalance in Labor and Work Content • Other Impacts: • Hurry exhaustion, frustration, rework • Overtime higher costs, turnover • Unfinished work in yard • Lost production capacity
Production Cycle Times Avg. 8 weeks
Rework Avg. = 7% 44%
Rework • Labor waste • Service problems • Line variability
Lean Construction Principles • Keep activities flowing, particularly along critical path and bottleneck activities • Remove uncertainty and variability, especially along critical path and bottleneck activities
Lean Construction Approach • Improve quality of task assignments • Be sure preceding activities are complete, task well documented, and materials and tools are available
Lean Construction Problem Mitigation • Plan buffers – backlog of activities for crews (queues of work ready to be done – adding to length of critical path and thus to production line) • Surge piles – raw and WIP materials • Flexible capacity – intentionally underutilized crews or flexible use of cross-trained workers