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Regions of Eastern Europe: Balkanization and Ethnic Mosaic

Explore the diverse regions of Eastern Europe, including the Balkan countries, and learn about the forces shaping their politics, cultures, and borders.

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Regions of Eastern Europe: Balkanization and Ethnic Mosaic

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  1. EUROPE III(CHAPTER 1: 87-105)

  2. REGIONS OF EUROPE • WESTERN • BRITISH ISLES • NORTHERN • MEDITERRANEAN • EASTERN

  3. MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

  4. MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE • SIX COUNTRIES • A DISCONTINUOUS REGION • ON THE PERIPHERY • CULTURAL CONTINUITY DATES FROM GRECO-ROMAN TIMES • MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE • HOT - DRY SUMMERS • WARM/COOL - MOIST WINTERS

  5. ITALY • MOST POPULATED OF MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES • BEST CONNECTED TO THE EUROPEAN CORE • MOST ECONOMICALLY ADVANCED • DISPLAYS A SHARP NORTH/SOUTH CONTRAST (ANCONA LINE ) • MILAN • ITALY’S LARGEST CITY AND MANUFACTURING CENTER • ALSO THE COUNTRY’S FINANCIAL AND SERVICE-INDUSTRY CENTER

  6. ITALY • ROME • FOUNDED ABOUT 3,000 YEARS AGO • ATTAINED AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 1 MILLION < THE END OF THE 1ST CENTURY AD • ONLY 30,000 PEOPLE BY THE 13TH CENTURY • BECAME ITALY’S CAPITAL IN 1870 • CURRENTLY HAS ABOUT 2.7 MILLION PEOPLE • VATICAN CITY • AN ENCLAVE WITHIN ROME • THE HEADQUARTERS OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM • FUNCTIONS AS AN INDEPENDENT ENTITY

  7. EASTERN EUROPE REGIONS • WESTERN • NORTHERN • MEDITERRANEAN • EASTERN

  8. EASTERN EUROPE(REGIONAL IDENTIFIERS) • EUROPE’S LARGEST REGION • ADJOINS 3 OF 4 OTHER EUROPEAN REGIONS • CONTAINS THE MOST COUNTRIES • INCLUDES EUROPE’S LARGEST STATE • INCORPORATES EUROPE’S POOREST COUNTRY • IN 1990, NONE OF ITS STATES COULD MEET THE CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU • REACHES INTO THE RUSSIAN ZONE OF INFLUENCE

  9. KEY CONCEPTS • BALKANIZATION • IRREDENTISM • ETHNIC CLEANSING • DEVOLUTION • SHATTER BELT

  10. BALKANIZATION • FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS • ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA • APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA

  11. UNDERLYING FORCES • CENTRIFUGAL FORCES • REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A COUNTRY • Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences • CENTRIPETAL FORCES • FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY TOGETHER • A strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

  12. IRREDENTISM • A POLICY OF CULTURAL EXTENSION AND POLITICAL EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY RIVER & BORDER MINORITY POPULATION A BORDER ADJUSTMENT B A COUNTRIES

  13. ETHNIC GROUPS IN EASTERN EUROPE

  14. ETHNIC CLEANSING • REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY STRONGER POWERS BENT ON TAKING THEIR TERRITORIES MINORITY POPULATION A B A BORDER COUNTRIES

  15. DEVOLUTION • THE PROCESS WHEREBY REGIONS WITHIN A STATE DEMAND AND GAIN POLITICAL STRENGTH AND GROWING AUTONOMY AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

  16. DEVOLUTION IN EUROPE

  17. SHATTER BELT • A TERM APPLIED TO EASTERN EUROPE BY GEOGRAPHERS TO DESCRIBE A ZONE OF CHRONIC POLITICAL SPLINTERING AND FRACTURING • WHY HERE?

  18. ETHNIC MOSIAC OF EASTERN EUROPE

  19. Ethnic Majorities in Bosnia Serbs Muslims Croats No majority

  20. DAYTON ACCORDS • A US INITIATIVE TO CONFER AND REDRAW THE MAP OF REMNANTS OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA • ATTEMPTED TO PARTITION BOSNIA AMONG SERBS, CROATS, AND MUSLIMS • LAND DISTRIBUTION PROBLEM: SERBS (31% OF BOSNIA) GOT 48% OF LAND; IN MUSLIM/CROAT FEDERATION, MUSLIMS (49%) GOT 27 % OF LAND; WHILE CROATS (17%) GOT 25 %

  21. Dayton AgreementBoundaries

  22. SUBREGIONS OF EASTERN EUROPE • COUNTRIES FACING THE BALTIC SEA • THE LANDLOCKED CENTER • COUNTRIES FACING THE ADRIATIC SEA • COUNTRIES FACING THE BLACK SEA

  23. COUNTRIES FACING THE BALTIC SEA • POLAND • A CLASSIC NATION-STATE • TRADITIONALLY AGRARIAN - WHEAT • POST WWII INDUSTRY - SILESIA • WARSAW - PRIMATE CITY • LITHUANIA • LOST INDEPENDENCE IN 1940, REGAINED IN 1991 • KALININGRAD - A RUSSIAN EXCLAVE • LATVIA • SIMILAR HISTORY AS LITHUANIA • CONSTITUTE BARE MAJORITY IN OWN COUNTRY • BELARUS: RUSSIA’S CLOSEST ALLY

  24. THE LANDLOCKED CENTER • CZECH REPUBLIC • THE REGION’S MOST WESTERNIZED • PRAGUE- A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY • SLOVAKIA • THE LEAST DEVELOPED, MOST RURAL PART OF “CZECHOSLOVAKIA” • HUNGARY • A NATION-STATE OF 9.9 MILLION • BUDAPEST- A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY

  25. COUNTRIES FACING THE ADRIATIC SEA • SLOVENIA: FIRST TO SECEDE; ETHNICALLY MOST HOMOGENEOUS • CROATIA • BOSNIA: CENTRALLY POSITIONED • SERBIA: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS • MACEDONIA: 65% MACEDONIAN, 21% ALBANIAN • ALBANIA: REMNANT OF TURKISH OTTOMAN EMPIRE; 70% MUSLIMS; LOWEST ECONOMIC RANKING IN EUROPE

  26. COUNTRIES FACING THE BLACK SEA • BULGARIA: LIBERATED BY RUSSIA IN 1878 • ROMANIA: A FORMER ROMAN PROVINCE; RAW MATERIALS (COAL, IRON ORE, OIL, NATURAL GAS) • MOLDOVA: AGRICULTURAL • UKRAINE: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS; AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE

  27. EUROPE III(CHAPTER 1: 87-105)

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