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The Russian Revolution: From Reform to Communist Rule

This article discusses the roots of the Russian Revolution, including the reforms of Alexander II, the oppressive policies of Alexander III, and the discontent that led to the formation of the Bolshevik (Communist) party. It explores key events such as the Russo-Japanese War, the 1905 Revolution, World War I, and the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty. The text also examines Lenin's early reforms, the civil war, and the rise of Joseph Stalin.

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The Russian Revolution: From Reform to Communist Rule

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  1. The Russian Revolution

  2. Roots of the Russian Revolution • 1881, reforms stop when Alexander II assassinated • Alexander III strengthens “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality”

  3. 1903 Nicholas Crowned Czar

  4. Nicholas’ reforms bring discontent • Forced industrialization • Workers badly exploited • Bolshevik (Communist) party formed by Lenin

  5. Lenin’s communism • Based on Marx’s early writings. • Union between workers and peasants • “Peace, Land, Bread”

  6. Unrest Grows • 1905 Loss of Russo-Japanese War • 1905-St Petersburg Massacre- “Bloody Sunday” • Alexandra and Alexis • The Rasputin scandals

  7. 1914 World War I • Doom for Romanovs • February 1917(March) Revolution • Mensheviks rule Russia

  8. 1915 Nicholas II assumes command of Army

  9. 1916 Rasputin Killed

  10. 1917 March Revolution • Kerensky Government • Nicholas abdicates • Tries to remain in war- • Soviets form as rival governments

  11. 1917 Lenin leads October Revolution (Bolshevik)

  12. Lenin’s early reforms • Land redistribution • Worker control of factories • Peace with Germany-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918

  13. 1918-1921 civil war • Mensheviks ( Whites ) democrats/czarists oppose Lenin • Bolsheviks ( Reds ) led by Leon Trotsky-communists • Intervention by western democracies

  14. 1918-1921 civil war • 15 million die • 1918- Czar Nicholas and family executed • 1921 war ends • Communists in firm control • Civil war leaves suspicion towards western democracies

  15. Lenin’s later reforms • 1921New Economic Policy (NEP) • 1922 Formation of the Union of Socialist Soviets of Russia (USSR )

  16. Lenin dies in 1924 • Power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin • Stalin wins

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