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The Civil Rights Movement

Explore the struggle for equality during the Civil Rights Movement, from de jure segregation to the fight for desegregation in schools and public spaces, led by influential leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and organizations like the SNCC.

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The Civil Rights Movement

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  1. The Civil Rights Movement APUSH – Unit 8 R. M. Tolles

  2. Two Types of Segregation • De facto Segregation – segregation that exists by practice and custom • De jure segregation – segregation by law • End of WWII, segregation still flourished • 1942 – foundation of CORE • 1960s – New leadership, change in opinion, felt it was the right time • Emit Tills – unofficial start to the Civil Rights movement.

  3. Plessy v. Ferguson • 1865 – Civil War ended. All Slaves Free • 1865-1896 - Reconstruction • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Declared that Separate but equal was ok • Officially Ended reconstruction

  4. Rosa Parks • 1955 • Secretary of NAACP • Her and three other African Americans refused to give up their seats on a segregated bus in Alabama • All were arrested • ROSA PARKS WAS NOT THE FIRST OR LAST AFRICAN AMERICAN TO BE ARRESTED FOR SITTING IN A WHITE ONLY SECTION OF A BUS!! • In response, African Americans organized bus boycotts*, successful due to the large amount of business African Americans gave the bus companies.

  5. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Thurgood Marshall was the lawyer • Ruled that separate is inherently NOT equal • Desegregated schools • Massive outrage at places where integration was a problem • Military was called in to integrate the schools.

  6. Little Rock Nine • Governor Oral Faubus used National Guard troops to denied access to the Nine African American children. • Eisenhower called in the 101 st Airborne to enforce the law and desegregate the school system. • Increase in tensions

  7. Freedom Riders • Supreme court said it was illegal to segregate interstate highways though not enforced • Riders took to the buses to draw attention to integrating bus terminals. • CORE members rode buses across state lines to provoke a violent reaction to force JFK to enforce laws • Massive brutality done to riders • Was very effective • CORE, also successfully organized sit-ins for integration during this time.

  8. James Meredith • Air Force veteran won Supreme court case allowing him to enroll in all white Ole’ Miss University • Governor Ross Barnett called on white demonstrators to keep this from happening • September 30, 1962 – riots all over campus to keep from being desegregated

  9. The Movement Spreads • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – college version of SCLC. Shaw University, Raleigh, NC – organized by students. • Sit-ins – African Americans would sit at a all white counter until they were serve…. Severely harassed and beaten… Woolworth’s store in Greensboro, NC

  10. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born Michael Luther King, Jr. in 1929 • Father changed his name to Martin Luther after European trip • Organized bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested • Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) – first established to end segregation, later emphasized voting. “to carry on non-violent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship” Based his philosophy and techniques off of Mohandas Gandhi

  11. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • NAACP secretary Medgar Evers killed by white supremacist sniper Byron de la Beckwith but was released after two hung juries • Many blacks now wanted a more militant approach to the equality • In 1964, Johnson, taking JFK’s ideas, pushed through the Civil Rights Act making it illegal to discriminate because of Race

  12. “I have a Dream…”

  13. Selma to Montgomery March • 1965 • March was a protest over African Americans being in the majority, but only a fraction were being allowed to vote.

  14. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Banned all literacy tests at the polls • Made it nearly impossible for local governments to keep people from voting

  15. African Americans Fight Back • Malcolm X – wanted to separate blacks from whites, also encouraged armed self-defense • Nation of Islam – Black Muslims, originated by Elijah Muhammad • Stokely Carmichael – Leader of SNCC, began the Black Power Movement • Black Panthers – originated to fight police brutality in Oakland, CA. Preached self-defense and many shoot-outs between Panthers and police • Malcolm X compared to MLK Jr.

  16. Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated • April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray on a balcony • MLK predicated his death in a speech the day before. • Robert Kennedy begged the African American community for nonviolence the day after, but with no results • 100 cities rioted • Robert Kennedy assassinated later that year

  17. A New Look at Civil Rights • Kerner Commission – studied cases of Urban Violence. 200,000 word report said segregation and inequality was the root cause for all urban violence • Civil Rights act of 1968 – this made de jure segregation illegal and did everything in its power to end de facto segregation as well • Affirmative Action – (1960’s) A special effort to give benefits to groups of people who had previously been discriminated against

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